This allows the seccomp notifier to continue a syscall. A positive discussion about this feature was triggered by a post to the ksummit-discuss mailing list (cf. [3]) and took place during KSummit (cf. [1]) and again at the containers/checkpoint-restore micro-conference at Linux Plumbers.

Recently we landed seccomp support for SECCOMP_RET_USER_NOTIF (cf. [4]) which enables a process (watchee) to retrieve an fd for its seccomp filter. This fd can then be handed to another (usually more privileged) process (watcher). The watcher will then be able to receive seccomp messages about the syscalls having been performed by the watchee.

This feature is heavily used in some userspace workloads. For example, it is currently used to intercept mknod() syscalls in user namespaces aka in containers. The mknod() syscall can be easily filtered based on dev_t. This allows us to only intercept a very specific subset of mknod() syscalls. Furthermore, mknod() is not possible in user namespaces toto coelo and so intercepting and denying syscalls that are not in the whitelist on accident is not a big deal. The watchee won't notice a difference.

In contrast to mknod(), a lot of other syscall we intercept (e.g. setxattr()) cannot be easily filtered like mknod() because they have pointer arguments. Additionally, some of them might actually succeed in user namespaces (e.g. setxattr() for all "user.*" xattrs). Since we currently cannot tell seccomp to continue from a user notifier we are stuck with performing all of the syscalls in lieu of the container. This is a huge security liability since it is extremely difficult to correctly assume all of the necessary privileges of the calling task such that the syscall can be successfully emulated without escaping other additional security restrictions (think missing CAP_MKNOD for mknod(), or MS_NODEV on a filesystem etc.). This can be solved by telling seccomp to resume the syscall.

One thing that came up in the discussion was the problem that another thread could change the memory after userspace has decided to let the syscall continue which is a well known TOCTOU with seccomp which is present in other ways already. The discussion showed that this feature is already very useful for any syscall without pointer arguments. For any accidentally intercepted non-pointer syscall it is safe to continue. For syscalls with pointer arguments there is a race but for any cautious userspace and the main usec cases the race doesn't matter. The notifier is intended to be used in a scenario where a more privileged watcher supervises the syscalls of lesser privileged watchee to allow it to get around kernel-enforced limitations by performing the syscall for it whenever deemed save by the watcher. Hence, if a user tricks the watcher into allowing a syscall they will either get a deny based on kernel-enforced restrictions later or they will have changed the arguments in such a way that they manage to perform a syscall with arguments that they would've been allowed to do anyway. In general, it is good to point out again, that the notifier fd was not intended to allow userspace to implement a security policy but rather to work around kernel security mechanisms in cases where the watcher knows that a given action is safe to perform.

/* References */ [1]: https://linuxplumbersconf.org/event/4/contributions/560 [2]: https://linuxplumbersconf.org/event/4/contributions/477 [3]: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20190719093538.dhyopljyr5ns33qx@brauner.io [4]: commit 6a21cc50f0c7 ("seccomp: add a return code to trap to userspace")

Co-developed-by: Kees Cook keescook@chromium.org Signed-off-by: Kees Cook keescook@chromium.org Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner christian.brauner@ubuntu.com Reviewed-by: Tycho Andersen tycho@tycho.ws Cc: Andy Lutomirski luto@amacapital.net Cc: Will Drewry wad@chromium.org CC: Tyler Hicks tyhicks@canonical.com --- /* v1 */ - Kees Cook keescook@chromium.org, Tycho Andersen tycho@tycho.ws: - s/SECCOMP_RET_USER_NOTIF_ALLOW/SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE/g - Kees Cook keescook@chromium.org: - put giant warning about the dangers, and correct usage of the SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE flag - Kees Cook keescook@chromium.org: - change return type for seccomp_do_user_notification() to int to align with similar functions

/* v0 */ Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20190918084833.9369-2-christian.brauner@ubuntu.com --- include/uapi/linux/seccomp.h | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++ kernel/seccomp.c | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++------ 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/seccomp.h b/include/uapi/linux/seccomp.h index 90734aa5aa36..8a5dafed8a64 100644 --- a/include/uapi/linux/seccomp.h +++ b/include/uapi/linux/seccomp.h @@ -76,6 +76,26 @@ struct seccomp_notif { struct seccomp_data data; };

+/* + * Valid flags for struct seccomp_notif_resp + * + * Note, the SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE flag must be used with caution! + * If set by the process supervising the syscalls of another process the + * syscall will continue. This is problematic because of an inherent TOCTOU. + * An attacker can exploit the time while the supervised process is waiting on + * a response from the supervising process to rewrite syscall arguments which + * are passed as pointers of the intercepted syscall. + * It should be absolutely clear that this means that the seccomp notifier + * _cannot_ be used to implement a security policy! It should only ever be used + * in scenarios where a more privileged process supervises the syscalls of a + * lesser privileged process to get around kernel-enforced security + * restrictions when the privileged process deems this safe. In other words, + * in order to continue a syscall the supervising process should be sure that + * another security mechanism or the kernel itself will sufficiently block + * syscalls if arguments are rewritten to something unsafe. + */ +#define SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE BIT(0) + struct seccomp_notif_resp { __u64 id; __s64 val; diff --git a/kernel/seccomp.c b/kernel/seccomp.c index dba52a7db5e8..12d2227e5786 100644 --- a/kernel/seccomp.c +++ b/kernel/seccomp.c @@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ struct seccomp_knotif { /* The return values, only valid when in SECCOMP_NOTIFY_REPLIED */ int error; long val; + u32 flags;

/* Signals when this has entered SECCOMP_NOTIFY_REPLIED */ struct completion ready; @@ -732,11 +733,12 @@ static u64 seccomp_next_notify_id(struct seccomp_filter *filter) return filter->notif->next_id++; }

-static void seccomp_do_user_notification(int this_syscall, - struct seccomp_filter *match, - const struct seccomp_data *sd) +static int seccomp_do_user_notification(int this_syscall, + struct seccomp_filter *match, + const struct seccomp_data *sd) { int err; + u32 flags = 0; long ret = 0; struct seccomp_knotif n = {};

@@ -764,6 +766,7 @@ static void seccomp_do_user_notification(int this_syscall, if (err == 0) { ret = n.val; err = n.error; + flags = n.flags; }

/* @@ -780,8 +783,14 @@ static void seccomp_do_user_notification(int this_syscall, list_del(&n.list); out: mutex_unlock(&match->notify_lock); + + /* Userspace requests to continue the syscall. */ + if (flags & SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE) + return 0; + syscall_set_return_value(current, task_pt_regs(current), err, ret); + return -1; }

static int __seccomp_filter(int this_syscall, const struct seccomp_data *sd, @@ -867,8 +876,10 @@ static int __seccomp_filter(int this_syscall, const struct seccomp_data *sd, return 0;

case SECCOMP_RET_USER_NOTIF: - seccomp_do_user_notification(this_syscall, match, sd); - goto skip; + if (seccomp_do_user_notification(this_syscall, match, sd)) + goto skip; + + return 0;

case SECCOMP_RET_LOG: seccomp_log(this_syscall, 0, action, true); @@ -1087,7 +1098,11 @@ static long seccomp_notify_send(struct seccomp_filter *filter, if (copy_from_user(&resp, buf, sizeof(resp))) return -EFAULT;

- if (resp.flags) + if (resp.flags & ~SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE) + return -EINVAL; + + if ((resp.flags & SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE) && + (resp.error || resp.val)) return -EINVAL;

ret = mutex_lock_interruptible(&filter->notify_lock); @@ -1116,6 +1131,7 @@ static long seccomp_notify_send(struct seccomp_filter *filter, knotif->state = SECCOMP_NOTIFY_REPLIED; knotif->error = resp.error; knotif->val = resp.val; + knotif->flags = resp.flags; complete(&knotif->ready); out: mutex_unlock(&filter->notify_lock);

Test whether a syscall can be performed after having been intercepted by the seccomp notifier. The test uses dup() and kcmp() since it allows us to nicely test whether the dup() syscall actually succeeded by comparing whether the fds refer to the same underlying struct file.

Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner christian.brauner@ubuntu.com Cc: Kees Cook keescook@chromium.org Cc: Andy Lutomirski luto@amacapital.net Cc: Will Drewry wad@chromium.org Cc: Shuah Khan shuah@kernel.org Cc: Alexei Starovoitov ast@kernel.org Cc: Daniel Borkmann daniel@iogearbox.net Cc: Martin KaFai Lau kafai@fb.com Cc: Song Liu songliubraving@fb.com Cc: Yonghong Song yhs@fb.com Cc: Tycho Andersen tycho@tycho.ws CC: Tyler Hicks tyhicks@canonical.com Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Cc: linux-kselftest@vger.kernel.org Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org Cc: bpf@vger.kernel.org --- /* v1 */ - Christian Brauner christian.brauner@ubuntu.com: - adapt to new flag name SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE

/* v0 */ Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20190918084833.9369-5-christian.brauner@ubuntu.com --- tools/testing/selftests/seccomp/seccomp_bpf.c | 102 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 102 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/seccomp/seccomp_bpf.c b/tools/testing/selftests/seccomp/seccomp_bpf.c index e996d7b7fd6e..b0966599acb5 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/seccomp/seccomp_bpf.c +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/seccomp/seccomp_bpf.c @@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ #include <sys/times.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <sys/ioctl.h> +#include <linux/kcmp.h>

#include <unistd.h> #include <sys/syscall.h> @@ -167,6 +168,10 @@ struct seccomp_metadata {

#define SECCOMP_RET_USER_NOTIF 0x7fc00000U

+#ifndef SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE +#define SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE 0x00000001 +#endif + #define SECCOMP_IOC_MAGIC '!' #define SECCOMP_IO(nr) _IO(SECCOMP_IOC_MAGIC, nr) #define SECCOMP_IOR(nr, type) _IOR(SECCOMP_IOC_MAGIC, nr, type) @@ -3481,6 +3486,103 @@ TEST(seccomp_get_notif_sizes) EXPECT_EQ(sizes.seccomp_notif_resp, sizeof(struct seccomp_notif_resp)); }

+static int filecmp(pid_t pid1, pid_t pid2, int fd1, int fd2) +{ +#ifdef __NR_kcmp + return syscall(__NR_kcmp, pid1, pid2, KCMP_FILE, fd1, fd2); +#else + errno = ENOSYS; + return -1; +#endif +} + +TEST(user_notification_continue) +{ + pid_t pid; + long ret; + int status, listener; + struct seccomp_notif req = {}; + struct seccomp_notif_resp resp = {}; + struct pollfd pollfd; + + ret = prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0); + ASSERT_EQ(0, ret) { + TH_LOG("Kernel does not support PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS!"); + } + + listener = user_trap_syscall(__NR_dup, SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_NEW_LISTENER); + ASSERT_GE(listener, 0); + + pid = fork(); + ASSERT_GE(pid, 0); + + if (pid == 0) { + int dup_fd, pipe_fds[2]; + pid_t self; + + ret = pipe(pipe_fds); + if (ret < 0) + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + + dup_fd = dup(pipe_fds[0]); + if (dup_fd < 0) + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + + self = getpid(); + + ret = filecmp(self, self, pipe_fds[0], dup_fd); + if (ret) + exit(EXIT_FAILURE); + + exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); + } + + pollfd.fd = listener; + pollfd.events = POLLIN | POLLOUT; + + EXPECT_GT(poll(&pollfd, 1, -1), 0); + EXPECT_EQ(pollfd.revents, POLLIN); + + EXPECT_EQ(ioctl(listener, SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_RECV, &req), 0); + + pollfd.fd = listener; + pollfd.events = POLLIN | POLLOUT; + + EXPECT_GT(poll(&pollfd, 1, -1), 0); + EXPECT_EQ(pollfd.revents, POLLOUT); + + EXPECT_EQ(req.data.nr, __NR_dup); + + resp.id = req.id; + resp.flags = SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE; + + /* + * Verify that setting SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE enforces other + * args be set to 0. + */ + resp.error = 0; + resp.val = USER_NOTIF_MAGIC; + EXPECT_EQ(ioctl(listener, SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND, &resp), -1); + EXPECT_EQ(errno, EINVAL); + + resp.error = USER_NOTIF_MAGIC; + resp.val = 0; + EXPECT_EQ(ioctl(listener, SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND, &resp), -1); + EXPECT_EQ(errno, EINVAL); + + resp.error = 0; + resp.val = 0; + EXPECT_EQ(ioctl(listener, SECCOMP_IOCTL_NOTIF_SEND, &resp), 0) { + if (errno == EINVAL) + XFAIL(goto skip, "Kernel does not support SECCOMP_USER_NOTIF_FLAG_CONTINUE"); + } + +skip: + EXPECT_EQ(waitpid(pid, &status, 0), pid); + EXPECT_EQ(true, WIFEXITED(status)); + EXPECT_EQ(0, WEXITSTATUS(status)); +} + /* * TODO: * - add microbenchmarks