April 2025 - Linux-kselftest-mirror

[PATCH v2 0/5] KVM: guest_memfd: support for uffd minor

by Nikita Kalyazin

This series is built on top of Fuad's v7 "mapping guest_memfd backed memory at the host" [1]. With James's KVM userfault [2], it is possible to handle stage-2 faults in guest_memfd in userspace. However, KVM itself also triggers faults in guest_memfd in some cases, for example: PV interfaces like kvmclock, PV EOI and page table walking code when fetching the MMIO instruction on x86. It was agreed in the guest_memfd upstream call on 23 Jan 2025 [3] that KVM would be accessing those pages via userspace page tables. In order for such faults to be handled in userspace, guest_memfd needs to support userfaultfd. Changes since v1 [4]: - James, Peter: implement a full minor trap instead of a hybrid missing/minor trap - James, Peter: to avoid shmem- and guest_memfd-specific code in the UFFDIO_CONTINUE implementation make it generic by calling vm_ops->fault() While generalising UFFDIO_CONTINUE implementation helped avoid guest_memfd-specific code in mm/userfaulfd, userfaultfd still needs access to KVM code to be able to verify the VMA type when handling UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MINOR, so I used a similar approach to what Fuad did for now [5]. In v1, Peter was mentioning a potential for eliminating taking a folio lock [6]. I did not implement that, but according to my testing, the performance of shmem minor fault handling stayed the same after the migration to calling vm_ops->fault() (tested on an x86). Before: ./demand_paging_test -u MINOR -s shmem Random seed: 0x6b8b4567 Testing guest mode: PA-bits:ANY, VA-bits:48, 4K pages guest physical test memory: [0x3fffbffff000, 0x3ffffffff000) Finished creating vCPUs and starting uffd threads Started all vCPUs All vCPU threads joined Total guest execution time: 10.979277020s Per-vcpu demand paging rate: 23876.253375 pgs/sec/vcpu Overall demand paging rate: 23876.253375 pgs/sec After: ./demand_paging_test -u MINOR -s shmem Random seed: 0x6b8b4567 Testing guest mode: PA-bits:ANY, VA-bits:48, 4K pages guest physical test memory: [0x3fffbffff000, 0x3ffffffff000) Finished creating vCPUs and starting uffd threads Started all vCPUs All vCPU threads joined Total guest execution time: 10.978893504s Per-vcpu demand paging rate: 23877.087423 pgs/sec/vcpu Overall demand paging rate: 23877.087423 pgs/sec Nikita [1] https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/20250318161823.4005529-1-tabba@google.com/T/ [2] https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/20250109204929.1106563-1-jthoughton@google.com/… [3] https://docs.google.com/document/d/1M6766BzdY1Lhk7LiR5IqVR8B8mG3cr-cxTxOrAo… [4] https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/20250303133011.44095-1-kalyazin@amazon.com/T/ [5] https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/20250318161823.4005529-1-tabba@google.com/T/#Z2… [6] https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/20250303133011.44095-1-kalyazin@amazon.com/T/#m… Nikita Kalyazin (5): mm: userfaultfd: generic continue for non hugetlbfs KVM: guest_memfd: add kvm_gmem_vma_is_gmem mm: userfaultfd: allow to register continue for guest_memfd KVM: guest_memfd: add support for userfaultfd minor KVM: selftests: test userfaultfd minor for guest_memfd include/linux/mm_types.h | 3 + include/linux/userfaultfd_k.h | 13 ++- mm/hugetlb.c | 2 +- mm/shmem.c | 3 +- mm/userfaultfd.c | 25 +++-- .../testing/selftests/kvm/guest_memfd_test.c | 94 +++++++++++++++++++ virt/kvm/guest_memfd.c | 15 +++ virt/kvm/kvm_mm.h | 1 + 8 files changed, 146 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) base-commit: 3cc51efc17a2c41a480eed36b31c1773936717e0 -- 2.47.1

2 months

2
11
0 0

[PATCH v2] selftests: riscv: fix v_exec_initval_nolibc.c

by Ignacio Encinas

Vector registers are zero initialized by the kernel. Stop accepting "all ones" as a clean value. Note that this was not working as expected given that value == 0xff can be assumed to be always false by the compiler as value's range is [-128, 127]. Both GCC (-Wtype-limits) and clang (-Wtautological-constant-out-of-range-compare) warn about this. Reviewed-by: Charlie Jenkins <charlie(a)rivosinc.com> Tested-by: Charlie Jenkins <charlie(a)rivosinc.com> Signed-off-by: Ignacio Encinas <ignacio(a)iencinas.com> --- Changes in v2: Remove code that becomes useless now that the only "clean" value for vector registers is 0. - Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250305-fix-v_exec_initval_nolibc-v1-1-b87b60e43… --- tools/testing/selftests/riscv/vector/v_exec_initval_nolibc.c | 10 +++------- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/riscv/vector/v_exec_initval_nolibc.c b/tools/testing/selftests/riscv/vector/v_exec_initval_nolibc.c index 35c0812e32de0c82a54f84bd52c4272507121e35..4dde05e45a04122b566cedc36d20b072413b00e2 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/riscv/vector/v_exec_initval_nolibc.c +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/riscv/vector/v_exec_initval_nolibc.c @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ * the values. To further ensure consistency, this file is compiled without * libc and without auto-vectorization. * - * To be "clean" all values must be either all ones or all zeroes. + * To be "clean" all values must be all zeroes. */ #define __stringify_1(x...) #x @@ -14,9 +14,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) { - char prev_value = 0, value; + char value = 0; unsigned long vl; - int first = 1; if (argc > 2 && strcmp(argv[2], "x")) asm volatile ( @@ -44,14 +43,11 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) "vsrl.vi " __stringify(register) ", " __stringify(register) ", 8\n\t" \ ".option pop\n\t" \ : "=r" (value)); \ - if (first) { \ - first = 0; \ - } else if (value != prev_value || !(value == 0x00 || value == 0xff)) { \ + if (value != 0x00) { \ printf("Register " __stringify(register) \ " values not clean! value: %u\n", value); \ exit(-1); \ } \ - prev_value = value; \ } \ }) --- base-commit: 03d38806a902b36bf364cae8de6f1183c0a35a67 change-id: 20250301-fix-v_exec_initval_nolibc-498d976c372d Best regards, -- Ignacio Encinas <ignacio(a)iencinas.com>

2 months

4
3
0 0

[PATCH 00/10] cgroup/cpuset: Miscellaneous partition bug fixes and enhancements

by Waiman Long

This patch series fixes a number of bugs in the cpuset partition code as well as improvement in remote partition handling. The test_cpuset_prs.sh is also enhanced to allow more vigorous remote partition testing. Waiman Long (10): cgroup/cpuset: Fix race between newly created partition and dying one cgroup/cpuset: Fix incorrect isolated_cpus update in update_parent_effective_cpumask() cgroup/cpuset: Fix error handling in remote_partition_disable() cgroup/cpuset: Remove remote_partition_check() & make update_cpumasks_hier() handle remote partition cgroup/cpuset: Don't allow creation of local partition over a remote one cgroup/cpuset: Code cleanup and comment update cgroup/cpuset: Remove unneeded goto in sched_partition_write() and rename it selftest/cgroup: Update test_cpuset_prs.sh to use | as effective CPUs and state separator selftest/cgroup: Clean up and restructure test_cpuset_prs.sh selftest/cgroup: Add a remote partition transition test to test_cpuset_prs.sh include/linux/cgroup-defs.h | 1 + include/linux/cgroup.h | 2 +- kernel/cgroup/cgroup.c | 6 + kernel/cgroup/cpuset-internal.h | 1 + kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c | 401 +++++++----- .../selftests/cgroup/test_cpuset_prs.sh | 617 ++++++++++++------ 6 files changed, 649 insertions(+), 379 deletions(-) -- 2.48.1

2 months

4
23
0 0

[RFC PATCH security-next 0/4] Introducing Hornet LSM

by Blaise Boscaccy

This patch series introduces the Hornet LSM. Hornet takes a simple approach to light-skeleton-based eBPF signature verification. Signature data can be easily generated for the binary data that is generated via bpftool gen -L. This signature can be appended to a skeleton executable via scripts/sign-ebpf. Hornet checks the signature against a binary buffer containing the lskel instructions that the loader maps use. Maps are frozen to prevent TOCTOU bugs where a sufficiently privileged user could rewrite map data between the calls to BPF_PROG_LOAD and BPF_PROG_RUN. Additionally, both sparse-array-based and fd_array_cnt-based map fd arrays are supported for signature verification. Blaise Boscaccy (4): security: Hornet LSM hornet: Introduce sign-ebpf hornet: Add an example lskel data extactor script selftests/hornet: Add a selftest for the hornet LSM Documentation/admin-guide/LSM/Hornet.rst | 51 +++ crypto/asymmetric_keys/pkcs7_verify.c | 10 + include/linux/kernel_read_file.h | 1 + include/linux/verification.h | 1 + include/uapi/linux/lsm.h | 1 + scripts/Makefile | 1 + scripts/hornet/Makefile | 5 + scripts/hornet/extract-skel.sh | 29 ++ scripts/hornet/sign-ebpf.c | 420 +++++++++++++++++++ security/Kconfig | 3 +- security/Makefile | 1 + security/hornet/Kconfig | 11 + security/hornet/Makefile | 4 + security/hornet/hornet_lsm.c | 239 +++++++++++ tools/testing/selftests/Makefile | 1 + tools/testing/selftests/hornet/Makefile | 51 +++ tools/testing/selftests/hornet/loader.c | 21 + tools/testing/selftests/hornet/trivial.bpf.c | 33 ++ 18 files changed, 882 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/LSM/Hornet.rst create mode 100644 scripts/hornet/Makefile create mode 100755 scripts/hornet/extract-skel.sh create mode 100644 scripts/hornet/sign-ebpf.c create mode 100644 security/hornet/Kconfig create mode 100644 security/hornet/Makefile create mode 100644 security/hornet/hornet_lsm.c create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/hornet/Makefile create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/hornet/loader.c create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/hornet/trivial.bpf.c -- 2.48.1

2 months

5
22
0 0

[PATCH v3] selftests/mm: Convert page_size to unsigned long

by Siddarth G

Cppcheck warning: int result is assigned to long long variable. If the variable is long long to avoid loss of information, then you have loss of information. This patch changes the type of page_size from 'unsigned int' to 'unsigned long' instead of using ULL suffixes. Changing hpage_size to 'unsigned long' was considered, but since gethugepage() expects an int, this change was avoided. Reported-by: David Binderman <dcb314(a)hotmail.com> Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/AS8PR02MB10217315060BBFDB21F19643E9CA62@AS8PR02… Signed-off-by: Siddarth G <siddarthsgml(a)gmail.com> --- Changes since v2: - v2 had conflict with current mainline, so this is a fresh patch tools/testing/selftests/mm/pagemap_ioctl.c | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/mm/pagemap_ioctl.c b/tools/testing/selftests/mm/pagemap_ioctl.c index 57b4bba2b45f..fe5ae8b25ff6 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/mm/pagemap_ioctl.c +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/mm/pagemap_ioctl.c @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ #define PAGEMAP "/proc/self/pagemap" int pagemap_fd; int uffd; -unsigned int page_size; +unsigned long page_size; unsigned int hpage_size; const char *progname; @@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ void *gethugetlb_mem(int size, int *shmid) int userfaultfd_tests(void) { - int mem_size, vec_size, written, num_pages = 16; + long mem_size, vec_size, written, num_pages = 16; char *mem, *vec; mem_size = num_pages * page_size; @@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ int userfaultfd_tests(void) written = pagemap_ioctl(mem, mem_size, vec, 1, PM_SCAN_WP_MATCHING | PM_SCAN_CHECK_WPASYNC, vec_size - 2, PAGE_IS_WRITTEN, 0, 0, PAGE_IS_WRITTEN); if (written < 0) - ksft_exit_fail_msg("error %d %d %s\n", written, errno, strerror(errno)); + ksft_exit_fail_msg("error %ld %d %s\n", written, errno, strerror(errno)); ksft_test_result(written == 0, "%s all new pages must not be written (dirty)\n", __func__); @@ -995,7 +995,7 @@ int unmapped_region_tests(void) { void *start = (void *)0x10000000; int written, len = 0x00040000; - int vec_size = len / page_size; + long vec_size = len / page_size; struct page_region *vec = malloc(sizeof(struct page_region) * vec_size); /* 1. Get written pages */ @@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ static void test_simple(void) int sanity_tests(void) { unsigned long long mem_size, vec_size; - int ret, fd, i, buf_size; + long ret, fd, i, buf_size; struct page_region *vec; char *mem, *fmem; struct stat sbuf; @@ -1160,7 +1160,7 @@ int sanity_tests(void) ret = stat(progname, &sbuf); if (ret < 0) - ksft_exit_fail_msg("error %d %d %s\n", ret, errno, strerror(errno)); + ksft_exit_fail_msg("error %ld %d %s\n", ret, errno, strerror(errno)); fmem = mmap(NULL, sbuf.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0); if (fmem == MAP_FAILED) -- 2.43.0

2 months

1
0
0 0

[PATCH v2] ublk: improve detection and handling of ublk server exit

by Uday Shankar

There are currently two ways in which ublk server exit is detected by ublk_drv: 1. uring_cmd cancellation. If there are any outstanding uring_cmds which have not been completed to the ublk server when it exits, io_uring calls the uring_cmd callback with a special cancellation flag as the issuing task is exiting. 2. I/O timeout. This is needed in addition to the above to handle the "saturated queue" case, when all I/Os for a given queue are in the ublk server, and therefore there are no outstanding uring_cmds to cancel when the ublk server exits. There are a couple of issues with this approach: - It is complex and inelegant to have two methods to detect the same condition - The second method detects ublk server exit only after a long delay (~30s, the default timeout assigned by the block layer). This delays the nosrv behavior from kicking in and potential subsequent recovery of the device. The second issue is brought to light with the new test_generic_04. It fails before this fix: selftests: ublk: test_generic_04.sh dev id is 0 dd: error writing '/dev/ublkb0': Input/output error 1+0 records in 0+0 records out 0 bytes copied, 30.0611 s, 0.0 kB/s DEAD dd took 31 seconds to exit (>= 5s tolerance)! generic_04 : [FAIL] Fix this by instead detecting and handling ublk server exit in the character file release callback. This has several advantages: - This one place can handle both saturated and unsaturated queues. Thus, it replaces both preexisting methods of detecting ublk server exit. - It runs quickly on ublk server exit - there is no 30s delay. - It starts the process of removing task references in ublk_drv. This is needed if we want to relax restrictions in the driver like letting only one thread serve each queue There is also the disadvantage that the character file release callback can also be triggered by intentional close of the file, which is a significant behavior change. Preexisting ublk servers (libublksrv) are dependent on the ability to open/close the file multiple times. To address this, only transition to a nosrv state if the file is released while the ublk device is live. This allows for programs to open/close the file multiple times during setup. It is still a behavior change if a ublk server decides to close/reopen the file while the device is LIVE (i.e. while it is responsible for serving I/O), but that would be highly unusual. This behavior is in line with what is done by FUSE, which is very similar to ublk in that a userspace daemon is providing services traditionally provided by the kernel. With this change in, the new test (and all other selftests, and all ublksrv tests) pass: selftests: ublk: test_generic_04.sh dev id is 0 dd: error writing '/dev/ublkb0': Input/output error 1+0 records in 0+0 records out 0 bytes copied, 0.0376731 s, 0.0 kB/s DEAD generic_04 : [PASS] Signed-off-by: Uday Shankar <ushankar(a)purestorage.com> --- Changes in v2: - Leave null ublk selftests target untouched, instead create new fault_inject target for injecting per-I/O delay (Ming Lei) - Allow multiple open/close of ublk character device with some restrictions - Drop patches which made it in separately at https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250401-ublk_selftests-v1-1-98129c9bc8bb@puresto… - Consolidate more nosrv logic in ublk character device release, and associated code cleanup - Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250325-ublk_timeout-v1-0-262f0121a7bd@purestora… --- drivers/block/ublk_drv.c | 187 +++++++----------------- tools/testing/selftests/ublk/Makefile | 4 +- tools/testing/selftests/ublk/fault_inject.c | 58 ++++++++ tools/testing/selftests/ublk/kublk.c | 6 +- tools/testing/selftests/ublk/kublk.h | 4 + tools/testing/selftests/ublk/test_generic_04.sh | 43 ++++++ 6 files changed, 165 insertions(+), 137 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/block/ublk_drv.c b/drivers/block/ublk_drv.c index 2fd05c1bd30b03343cb6f357f8c08dd92ff47af9..d06f8a9aa23f8b846928247fc9e29002c10a49e3 100644 --- a/drivers/block/ublk_drv.c +++ b/drivers/block/ublk_drv.c @@ -162,7 +162,6 @@ struct ublk_queue { bool force_abort; bool timeout; - bool canceling; bool fail_io; /* copy of dev->state == UBLK_S_DEV_FAIL_IO */ unsigned short nr_io_ready; /* how many ios setup */ spinlock_t cancel_lock; @@ -199,8 +198,6 @@ struct ublk_device { struct completion completion; unsigned int nr_queues_ready; unsigned int nr_privileged_daemon; - - struct work_struct nosrv_work; }; /* header of ublk_params */ @@ -209,8 +206,9 @@ struct ublk_params_header { __u32 types; }; -static bool ublk_abort_requests(struct ublk_device *ub, struct ublk_queue *ubq); - +static void ublk_stop_dev_unlocked(struct ublk_device *ub); +static void ublk_abort_queue(struct ublk_device *ub, struct ublk_queue *ubq); +static void __ublk_quiesce_dev(struct ublk_device *ub); static inline struct request *__ublk_check_and_get_req(struct ublk_device *ub, struct ublk_queue *ubq, int tag, size_t offset); static inline unsigned int ublk_req_build_flags(struct request *req); @@ -1314,8 +1312,6 @@ static void ublk_queue_cmd_list(struct ublk_queue *ubq, struct rq_list *l) static enum blk_eh_timer_return ublk_timeout(struct request *rq) { struct ublk_queue *ubq = rq->mq_hctx->driver_data; - unsigned int nr_inflight = 0; - int i; if (ubq->flags & UBLK_F_UNPRIVILEGED_DEV) { if (!ubq->timeout) { @@ -1326,26 +1322,6 @@ static enum blk_eh_timer_return ublk_timeout(struct request *rq) return BLK_EH_DONE; } - if (!ubq_daemon_is_dying(ubq)) - return BLK_EH_RESET_TIMER; - - for (i = 0; i < ubq->q_depth; i++) { - struct ublk_io *io = &ubq->ios[i]; - - if (!(io->flags & UBLK_IO_FLAG_ACTIVE)) - nr_inflight++; - } - - /* cancelable uring_cmd can't help us if all commands are in-flight */ - if (nr_inflight == ubq->q_depth) { - struct ublk_device *ub = ubq->dev; - - if (ublk_abort_requests(ub, ubq)) { - schedule_work(&ub->nosrv_work); - } - return BLK_EH_DONE; - } - return BLK_EH_RESET_TIMER; } @@ -1368,9 +1344,6 @@ static blk_status_t ublk_prep_req(struct ublk_queue *ubq, struct request *rq) if (ublk_nosrv_should_queue_io(ubq) && unlikely(ubq->force_abort)) return BLK_STS_IOERR; - if (unlikely(ubq->canceling)) - return BLK_STS_IOERR; - /* fill iod to slot in io cmd buffer */ res = ublk_setup_iod(ubq, rq); if (unlikely(res != BLK_STS_OK)) @@ -1391,16 +1364,6 @@ static blk_status_t ublk_queue_rq(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx, if (res != BLK_STS_OK) return res; - /* - * ->canceling has to be handled after ->force_abort and ->fail_io - * is dealt with, otherwise this request may not be failed in case - * of recovery, and cause hang when deleting disk - */ - if (unlikely(ubq->canceling)) { - __ublk_abort_rq(ubq, rq); - return BLK_STS_OK; - } - ublk_queue_cmd(ubq, rq); return BLK_STS_OK; } @@ -1461,8 +1424,52 @@ static int ublk_ch_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) static int ublk_ch_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) { struct ublk_device *ub = filp->private_data; + int i; + mutex_lock(&ub->mutex); + /* + * If the device is not live, we will not transition to a nosrv + * state. This protects against: + * - accidental poking of the ublk character device + * - some ublk servers which may open/close the ublk character + * device during startup + */ + if (ub->dev_info.state != UBLK_S_DEV_LIVE) + goto out; + + /* + * Since we are releasing the ublk character file descriptor, we + * know that there cannot be any concurrent file-related + * activity (e.g. uring_cmds or reads/writes). However, I/O + * might still be getting dispatched. Quiesce that too so that + * we don't need to worry about anything concurrent + */ + blk_mq_quiesce_queue(ub->ub_disk->queue); + + /* + * Handle any requests outstanding to the ublk server + */ + for (i = 0; i < ub->dev_info.nr_hw_queues; i++) + ublk_abort_queue(ub, ublk_get_queue(ub, i)); + + /* + * Transition the device to the nosrv state. What exactly this + * means depends on the recovery flags + */ + if (ublk_nosrv_should_stop_dev(ub)) { + ublk_stop_dev_unlocked(ub); + } else if (ublk_nosrv_dev_should_queue_io(ub)) { + __ublk_quiesce_dev(ub); + } else { + ub->dev_info.state = UBLK_S_DEV_FAIL_IO; + for (i = 0; i < ub->dev_info.nr_hw_queues; i++) + ublk_get_queue(ub, i)->fail_io = true; + } + + blk_mq_unquiesce_queue(ub->ub_disk->queue); +out: clear_bit(UB_STATE_OPEN, &ub->state); + mutex_unlock(&ub->mutex); return 0; } @@ -1556,57 +1563,6 @@ static void ublk_abort_queue(struct ublk_device *ub, struct ublk_queue *ubq) } } -/* Must be called when queue is frozen */ -static bool ublk_mark_queue_canceling(struct ublk_queue *ubq) -{ - bool canceled; - - spin_lock(&ubq->cancel_lock); - canceled = ubq->canceling; - if (!canceled) - ubq->canceling = true; - spin_unlock(&ubq->cancel_lock); - - return canceled; -} - -static bool ublk_abort_requests(struct ublk_device *ub, struct ublk_queue *ubq) -{ - bool was_canceled = ubq->canceling; - struct gendisk *disk; - - if (was_canceled) - return false; - - spin_lock(&ub->lock); - disk = ub->ub_disk; - if (disk) - get_device(disk_to_dev(disk)); - spin_unlock(&ub->lock); - - /* Our disk has been dead */ - if (!disk) - return false; - - /* - * Now we are serialized with ublk_queue_rq() - * - * Make sure that ubq->canceling is set when queue is frozen, - * because ublk_queue_rq() has to rely on this flag for avoiding to - * touch completed uring_cmd - */ - blk_mq_quiesce_queue(disk->queue); - was_canceled = ublk_mark_queue_canceling(ubq); - if (!was_canceled) { - /* abort queue is for making forward progress */ - ublk_abort_queue(ub, ubq); - } - blk_mq_unquiesce_queue(disk->queue); - put_device(disk_to_dev(disk)); - - return !was_canceled; -} - static void ublk_cancel_cmd(struct ublk_queue *ubq, struct ublk_io *io, unsigned int issue_flags) { @@ -1635,8 +1591,6 @@ static void ublk_uring_cmd_cancel_fn(struct io_uring_cmd *cmd, struct ublk_uring_cmd_pdu *pdu = ublk_get_uring_cmd_pdu(cmd); struct ublk_queue *ubq = pdu->ubq; struct task_struct *task; - struct ublk_device *ub; - bool need_schedule; struct ublk_io *io; if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!ubq)) @@ -1649,16 +1603,9 @@ static void ublk_uring_cmd_cancel_fn(struct io_uring_cmd *cmd, if (WARN_ON_ONCE(task && task != ubq->ubq_daemon)) return; - ub = ubq->dev; - need_schedule = ublk_abort_requests(ub, ubq); - io = &ubq->ios[pdu->tag]; WARN_ON_ONCE(io->cmd != cmd); ublk_cancel_cmd(ubq, io, issue_flags); - - if (need_schedule) { - schedule_work(&ub->nosrv_work); - } } static inline bool ublk_queue_ready(struct ublk_queue *ubq) @@ -1756,13 +1703,13 @@ static struct gendisk *ublk_detach_disk(struct ublk_device *ub) return disk; } -static void ublk_stop_dev(struct ublk_device *ub) +static void ublk_stop_dev_unlocked(struct ublk_device *ub) + __must_hold(&ub->mutex) { struct gendisk *disk; - mutex_lock(&ub->mutex); if (ub->dev_info.state == UBLK_S_DEV_DEAD) - goto unlock; + return; if (ublk_nosrv_dev_should_queue_io(ub)) { if (ub->dev_info.state == UBLK_S_DEV_LIVE) __ublk_quiesce_dev(ub); @@ -1771,38 +1718,12 @@ static void ublk_stop_dev(struct ublk_device *ub) del_gendisk(ub->ub_disk); disk = ublk_detach_disk(ub); put_disk(disk); - unlock: - mutex_unlock(&ub->mutex); - ublk_cancel_dev(ub); } -static void ublk_nosrv_work(struct work_struct *work) +static void ublk_stop_dev(struct ublk_device *ub) { - struct ublk_device *ub = - container_of(work, struct ublk_device, nosrv_work); - int i; - - if (ublk_nosrv_should_stop_dev(ub)) { - ublk_stop_dev(ub); - return; - } - mutex_lock(&ub->mutex); - if (ub->dev_info.state != UBLK_S_DEV_LIVE) - goto unlock; - - if (ublk_nosrv_dev_should_queue_io(ub)) { - __ublk_quiesce_dev(ub); - } else { - blk_mq_quiesce_queue(ub->ub_disk->queue); - ub->dev_info.state = UBLK_S_DEV_FAIL_IO; - for (i = 0; i < ub->dev_info.nr_hw_queues; i++) { - ublk_get_queue(ub, i)->fail_io = true; - } - blk_mq_unquiesce_queue(ub->ub_disk->queue); - } - - unlock: + ublk_stop_dev_unlocked(ub); mutex_unlock(&ub->mutex); ublk_cancel_dev(ub); } @@ -2388,7 +2309,6 @@ static void ublk_remove(struct ublk_device *ub) bool unprivileged; ublk_stop_dev(ub); - cancel_work_sync(&ub->nosrv_work); cdev_device_del(&ub->cdev, &ub->cdev_dev); unprivileged = ub->dev_info.flags & UBLK_F_UNPRIVILEGED_DEV; ublk_put_device(ub); @@ -2675,7 +2595,6 @@ static int ublk_ctrl_add_dev(struct io_uring_cmd *cmd) goto out_unlock; mutex_init(&ub->mutex); spin_lock_init(&ub->lock); - INIT_WORK(&ub->nosrv_work, ublk_nosrv_work); ret = ublk_alloc_dev_number(ub, header->dev_id); if (ret < 0) @@ -2807,7 +2726,6 @@ static inline void ublk_ctrl_cmd_dump(struct io_uring_cmd *cmd) static int ublk_ctrl_stop_dev(struct ublk_device *ub) { ublk_stop_dev(ub); - cancel_work_sync(&ub->nosrv_work); return 0; } @@ -2927,7 +2845,6 @@ static void ublk_queue_reinit(struct ublk_device *ub, struct ublk_queue *ubq) /* We have to reset it to NULL, otherwise ub won't accept new FETCH_REQ */ ubq->ubq_daemon = NULL; ubq->timeout = false; - ubq->canceling = false; for (i = 0; i < ubq->q_depth; i++) { struct ublk_io *io = &ubq->ios[i]; diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/Makefile index c7781efea0f33c02f340f90f547d3a37c1d1b8a0..afee027cccdd1b8f13f1cb9a90a3348cd54b18bc 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/Makefile +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/Makefile @@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ LDLIBS += -lpthread -lm -luring TEST_PROGS := test_generic_01.sh TEST_PROGS += test_generic_02.sh TEST_PROGS += test_generic_03.sh +TEST_PROGS += test_generic_04.sh TEST_PROGS += test_null_01.sh TEST_PROGS += test_null_02.sh @@ -26,7 +27,8 @@ TEST_GEN_PROGS_EXTENDED = kublk include ../lib.mk -$(TEST_GEN_PROGS_EXTENDED): kublk.c null.c file_backed.c common.c stripe.c +$(TEST_GEN_PROGS_EXTENDED): kublk.c null.c file_backed.c common.c stripe.c \ + fault_inject.c check: shellcheck -x -f gcc *.sh diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/fault_inject.c b/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/fault_inject.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e92d01e88e478a23df987ebff2a997212b831d31 --- /dev/null +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/fault_inject.c @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 + +/* + * Fault injection ublk target. Hack this up however you like for + * testing specific behaviors of ublk_drv. Currently is a null target + * with a configurable delay before completing each I/O. This delay can + * be used to test ublk_drv's handling of I/O outstanding to the ublk + * server when it dies. + */ + +#include "kublk.h" + +static int ublk_fault_inject_tgt_init(const struct dev_ctx *ctx, struct ublk_dev *dev) +{ + const struct ublksrv_ctrl_dev_info *info = &dev->dev_info; + unsigned long dev_size = 250UL << 30; + + dev->tgt.dev_size = dev_size; + dev->tgt.params = (struct ublk_params) { + .types = UBLK_PARAM_TYPE_BASIC | UBLK_PARAM_TYPE_DMA_ALIGN | + UBLK_PARAM_TYPE_SEGMENT, + .basic = { + .logical_bs_shift = 9, + .physical_bs_shift = 12, + .io_opt_shift = 12, + .io_min_shift = 9, + .max_sectors = info->max_io_buf_bytes >> 9, + .dev_sectors = dev_size >> 9, + }, + .dma = { + .alignment = 4095, + }, + .seg = { + .seg_boundary_mask = 4095, + .max_segment_size = 32 << 10, + .max_segments = 32, + }, + }; + + dev->private_data = (void *)ctx->delay_us; + return 0; +} + +static int ublk_fault_inject_queue_io(struct ublk_queue *q, int tag) +{ + const struct ublksrv_io_desc *iod = ublk_get_iod(q, tag); + + usleep((unsigned long)q->dev->private_data); + + ublk_complete_io(q, tag, iod->nr_sectors << 9); + return 0; +} + +const struct ublk_tgt_ops fault_inject_tgt_ops = { + .name = "fault_inject", + .init_tgt = ublk_fault_inject_tgt_init, + .queue_io = ublk_fault_inject_queue_io, +}; diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/kublk.c b/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/kublk.c index 91c282bc767449a418cce7fc816dc8e9fc732d6a..0fbfa43864453471219703451271540d5dfef593 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/kublk.c +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/kublk.c @@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ static const struct ublk_tgt_ops *tgt_ops_list[] = { &null_tgt_ops, &loop_tgt_ops, &stripe_tgt_ops, + &fault_inject_tgt_ops, }; static const struct ublk_tgt_ops *ublk_find_tgt(const char *name) @@ -1041,7 +1042,7 @@ static int cmd_dev_get_features(void) static int cmd_dev_help(char *exe) { - printf("%s add -t [null|loop] [-q nr_queues] [-d depth] [-n dev_id] [backfile1] [backfile2] ...\n", exe); + printf("%s add -t [null|loop|stripe|fault_inject] [-q nr_queues] [-d depth] [-n dev_id] [backfile1] [backfile2] ...\n", exe); printf("\t default: nr_queues=2(max 4), depth=128(max 128), dev_id=-1(auto allocation)\n"); printf("%s del [-n dev_id] -a \n", exe); printf("\t -a delete all devices -n delete specified device\n"); @@ -1064,6 +1065,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { "zero_copy", 0, NULL, 'z' }, { "foreground", 0, NULL, 0 }, { "chunk_size", 1, NULL, 0 }, + { "delay_us", 1, NULL, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 } }; int option_idx, opt; @@ -1112,6 +1114,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) ctx.fg = 1; if (!strcmp(longopts[option_idx].name, "chunk_size")) ctx.chunk_size = strtol(optarg, NULL, 10); + if (!strcmp(longopts[option_idx].name, "delay_us")) + ctx.delay_us = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 10); } } diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/kublk.h b/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/kublk.h index 760ff8ffb8107037a19a8fb7ab408818845e010d..3750e67727eed89991158add49d30615ea012dae 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/kublk.h +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/kublk.h @@ -70,6 +70,9 @@ struct dev_ctx { /* stripe */ unsigned int chunk_size; + /* fault_inject */ + unsigned long delay_us; + int _evtfd; }; @@ -357,6 +360,7 @@ static inline int ublk_queue_use_zc(const struct ublk_queue *q) extern const struct ublk_tgt_ops null_tgt_ops; extern const struct ublk_tgt_ops loop_tgt_ops; extern const struct ublk_tgt_ops stripe_tgt_ops; +extern const struct ublk_tgt_ops fault_inject_tgt_ops; void backing_file_tgt_deinit(struct ublk_dev *dev); int backing_file_tgt_init(struct ublk_dev *dev); diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/test_generic_04.sh b/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/test_generic_04.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48af48164aa444d8ac6a58fef1743d2a16a56a14 --- /dev/null +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ublk/test_generic_04.sh @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +#!/bin/bash +# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 + +. "$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"/test_common.sh + +TID="generic_04" +ERR_CODE=0 + +_prep_test "fault_inject" "fast cleanup when all I/Os of one hctx are in server" + +# configure ublk server to sleep 2s before completing each I/O +dev_id=$(_add_ublk_dev -t fault_inject -q 2 -d 1 --delay_us 2000000) +_check_add_dev $TID $? + +echo "dev id is ${dev_id}" + +STARTTIME=${SECONDS} + +dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/ublkb${dev_id} oflag=direct bs=4k count=1 & +dd_pid=$! + +__ublk_kill_daemon ${dev_id} "DEAD" + +wait $dd_pid +dd_exitcode=$? + +ENDTIME=${SECONDS} +ELAPSED=$(($ENDTIME - $STARTTIME)) + +# assert that dd sees an error and exits quickly after ublk server is +# killed. previously this relied on seeing an I/O timeout and so would +# take ~30s +if [ $dd_exitcode -eq 0 ]; then + echo "dd unexpectedly exited successfully!" + ERR_CODE=255 +fi +if [ $ELAPSED -ge 5 ]; then + echo "dd took $ELAPSED seconds to exit (>= 5s tolerance)!" + ERR_CODE=255 +fi + +_cleanup_test "fault_inject" +_show_result $TID $ERR_CODE --- base-commit: 710e2c687a16b28a873a282517a85faf02a8b7cc change-id: 20250325-ublk_timeout-b06b9b51c591 Best regards, -- Uday Shankar <ushankar(a)purestorage.com>

2 months

2
1
0 0

[PATCH net v2] selftests: tc-testing: fix nat regex matching

by Pedro Tammela

In iproute 6.14, the nat ip mask logic was fixed to remove an undefined behaviour[1]. So now instead of reporting '0.0.0.0/32' on x86 and potentially '0.0.0.0/0' in other platforms, it reports '0.0.0.0/0' in all platforms. [1] https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/20250306112520.188728-1-torben.nielsen@preva… Reviewed-by: Simon Horman <horms(a)kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Pedro Tammela <pctammela(a)mojatatu.com> --- v2: Add reference to iproute2 commit and collect Simon's reviewed-by --- .../selftests/tc-testing/tc-tests/actions/nat.json | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/tc-testing/tc-tests/actions/nat.json b/tools/testing/selftests/tc-testing/tc-tests/actions/nat.json index ee2792998c89..4f21aeb8a3fb 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/tc-testing/tc-tests/actions/nat.json +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/tc-testing/tc-tests/actions/nat.json @@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ "cmdUnderTest": "$TC actions add action nat ingress default 10.10.10.1 index 12", "expExitCode": "0", "verifyCmd": "$TC actions get action nat index 12", - "matchPattern": "action order [0-9]+: nat ingress 0.0.0.0/32 10.10.10.1 pass.*index 12 ref", + "matchPattern": "action order [0-9]+: nat ingress 0.0.0.0/0 10.10.10.1 pass.*index 12 ref", "matchCount": "1", "teardown": [ "$TC actions flush action nat" @@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ "cmdUnderTest": "$TC actions add action nat ingress any 10.10.10.1 index 12", "expExitCode": "0", "verifyCmd": "$TC actions get action nat index 12", - "matchPattern": "action order [0-9]+: nat ingress 0.0.0.0/32 10.10.10.1 pass.*index 12 ref", + "matchPattern": "action order [0-9]+: nat ingress 0.0.0.0/0 10.10.10.1 pass.*index 12 ref", "matchCount": "1", "teardown": [ "$TC actions flush action nat" @@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ "cmdUnderTest": "$TC actions add action nat ingress all 10.10.10.1 index 12", "expExitCode": "0", "verifyCmd": "$TC actions get action nat index 12", - "matchPattern": "action order [0-9]+: nat ingress 0.0.0.0/32 10.10.10.1 pass.*index 12 ref", + "matchPattern": "action order [0-9]+: nat ingress 0.0.0.0/0 10.10.10.1 pass.*index 12 ref", "matchCount": "1", "teardown": [ "$TC actions flush action nat" @@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ "cmdUnderTest": "$TC actions add action nat egress default 20.20.20.1 pipe index 10", "expExitCode": "0", "verifyCmd": "$TC actions get action nat index 10", - "matchPattern": "action order [0-9]+: nat egress 0.0.0.0/32 20.20.20.1 pipe.*index 10 ref", + "matchPattern": "action order [0-9]+: nat egress 0.0.0.0/0 20.20.20.1 pipe.*index 10 ref", "matchCount": "1", "teardown": [ "$TC actions flush action nat" @@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ "cmdUnderTest": "$TC actions add action nat egress any 20.20.20.1 pipe index 10", "expExitCode": "0", "verifyCmd": "$TC actions get action nat index 10", - "matchPattern": "action order [0-9]+: nat egress 0.0.0.0/32 20.20.20.1 pipe.*index 10 ref", + "matchPattern": "action order [0-9]+: nat egress 0.0.0.0/0 20.20.20.1 pipe.*index 10 ref", "matchCount": "1", "teardown": [ "$TC actions flush action nat" @@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ "cmdUnderTest": "$TC actions add action nat egress all 20.20.20.1 pipe index 10", "expExitCode": "0", "verifyCmd": "$TC actions get action nat index 10", - "matchPattern": "action order [0-9]+: nat egress 0.0.0.0/32 20.20.20.1 pipe.*index 10 ref", + "matchPattern": "action order [0-9]+: nat egress 0.0.0.0/0 20.20.20.1 pipe.*index 10 ref", "matchCount": "1", "teardown": [ "$TC actions flush action nat" @@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ "cmdUnderTest": "$TC actions add action nat egress all 20.20.20.1 pipe index 10 cookie aa1bc2d3eeff112233445566778800a1", "expExitCode": "0", "verifyCmd": "$TC actions get action nat index 10", - "matchPattern": "action order [0-9]+: nat egress 0.0.0.0/32 20.20.20.1 pipe.*index 10 ref.*cookie aa1bc2d3eeff112233445566778800a1", + "matchPattern": "action order [0-9]+: nat egress 0.0.0.0/0 20.20.20.1 pipe.*index 10 ref.*cookie aa1bc2d3eeff112233445566778800a1", "matchCount": "1", "teardown": [ "$TC actions flush action nat" -- 2.43.0

2 months

2
1
0 0

[PATCH net-next v24 00/23] Introducing OpenVPN Data Channel Offload

by Antonio Quartulli

Notable changes since v23: * dropped call to netif_tx_start/stop_all_queues() * dropped NETIF_F_HW_CSUM and NETIF_F_RXCSUM dev flags * dropped conditional call to skb_checksum_help() due to the point above * added call to dst_cache_reset() in nl_peer_modify() * dropped obsolete comment in ovpn_peer_keepalive_work() * reversed scheduling delay computation in ovpn_peer_keepalive_work() Please note that some patches were already reviewed/tested by a few people. These patches have retained the tags as they have hardly been touched. The latest code can also be found at: https://github.com/OpenVPN/ovpn-net-next Thanks a lot! Best Regards, Antonio Quartulli OpenVPN Inc. --- Antonio Quartulli (23): net: introduce OpenVPN Data Channel Offload (ovpn) ovpn: add basic netlink support ovpn: add basic interface creation/destruction/management routines ovpn: keep carrier always on for MP interfaces ovpn: introduce the ovpn_peer object ovpn: introduce the ovpn_socket object ovpn: implement basic TX path (UDP) ovpn: implement basic RX path (UDP) ovpn: implement packet processing ovpn: store tunnel and transport statistics ovpn: implement TCP transport skb: implement skb_send_sock_locked_with_flags() ovpn: add support for MSG_NOSIGNAL in tcp_sendmsg ovpn: implement multi-peer support ovpn: implement peer lookup logic ovpn: implement keepalive mechanism ovpn: add support for updating local or remote UDP endpoint ovpn: implement peer add/get/dump/delete via netlink ovpn: implement key add/get/del/swap via netlink ovpn: kill key and notify userspace in case of IV exhaustion ovpn: notify userspace when a peer is deleted ovpn: add basic ethtool support testing/selftests: add test tool and scripts for ovpn module Documentation/netlink/specs/ovpn.yaml | 367 +++ Documentation/netlink/specs/rt_link.yaml | 16 + MAINTAINERS | 11 + drivers/net/Kconfig | 15 + drivers/net/Makefile | 1 + drivers/net/ovpn/Makefile | 22 + drivers/net/ovpn/bind.c | 55 + drivers/net/ovpn/bind.h | 101 + drivers/net/ovpn/crypto.c | 211 ++ drivers/net/ovpn/crypto.h | 145 ++ drivers/net/ovpn/crypto_aead.c | 409 ++++ drivers/net/ovpn/crypto_aead.h | 29 + drivers/net/ovpn/io.c | 455 ++++ drivers/net/ovpn/io.h | 34 + drivers/net/ovpn/main.c | 330 +++ drivers/net/ovpn/main.h | 14 + drivers/net/ovpn/netlink-gen.c | 213 ++ drivers/net/ovpn/netlink-gen.h | 41 + drivers/net/ovpn/netlink.c | 1250 ++++++++++ drivers/net/ovpn/netlink.h | 18 + drivers/net/ovpn/ovpnpriv.h | 57 + drivers/net/ovpn/peer.c | 1364 +++++++++++ drivers/net/ovpn/peer.h | 163 ++ drivers/net/ovpn/pktid.c | 129 ++ drivers/net/ovpn/pktid.h | 87 + drivers/net/ovpn/proto.h | 118 + drivers/net/ovpn/skb.h | 61 + drivers/net/ovpn/socket.c | 244 ++ drivers/net/ovpn/socket.h | 49 + drivers/net/ovpn/stats.c | 21 + drivers/net/ovpn/stats.h | 47 + drivers/net/ovpn/tcp.c | 592 +++++ drivers/net/ovpn/tcp.h | 36 + drivers/net/ovpn/udp.c | 442 ++++ drivers/net/ovpn/udp.h | 25 + include/linux/skbuff.h | 2 + include/uapi/linux/if_link.h | 15 + include/uapi/linux/ovpn.h | 109 + include/uapi/linux/udp.h | 1 + net/core/skbuff.c | 18 +- net/ipv6/af_inet6.c | 1 + net/ipv6/udp.c | 1 + tools/testing/selftests/Makefile | 1 + tools/testing/selftests/net/ovpn/.gitignore | 2 + tools/testing/selftests/net/ovpn/Makefile | 31 + tools/testing/selftests/net/ovpn/common.sh | 92 + tools/testing/selftests/net/ovpn/config | 10 + tools/testing/selftests/net/ovpn/data64.key | 5 + tools/testing/selftests/net/ovpn/ovpn-cli.c | 2395 ++++++++++++++++++++ tools/testing/selftests/net/ovpn/tcp_peers.txt | 5 + .../testing/selftests/net/ovpn/test-chachapoly.sh | 9 + .../selftests/net/ovpn/test-close-socket-tcp.sh | 9 + .../selftests/net/ovpn/test-close-socket.sh | 45 + tools/testing/selftests/net/ovpn/test-float.sh | 9 + tools/testing/selftests/net/ovpn/test-tcp.sh | 9 + tools/testing/selftests/net/ovpn/test.sh | 113 + tools/testing/selftests/net/ovpn/udp_peers.txt | 5 + 57 files changed, 10054 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) --- base-commit: 702e3fa16cd42ba712825e8d6171ea4755bc0491 change-id: 20241002-b4-ovpn-eeee35c694a2 Best regards, -- Antonio Quartulli <antonio(a)openvpn.net>

2 months

3
50
0 0

RE: ISC West 2025 Attendee Data to Drive Sales and Networking Efforts

by Sara Wood

Hi , I wanted to confirm if you got my last email. I can provide more information on the numbers and costs-just say the word! Regards Sara Wood Demand Generation Manager Leads Data Inc., Please reply with REMOVE if you don't wish to receive further emails -----Original Message----- From: Sara Wood To: Subject: ISC West 2025 Attendee Data to Drive Sales and Networking Efforts Hi , Are you considering getting the ICS West 2025 attendees list? Expo Name: International Security Conference & Exposition West 2025 Total Number of records: 23,000 records List includes: Company Name, Contact Name, Job Title, Mailing Address, Phone, Emails, etc. Do you want to acquire these leads? If so, I'm happy to send the pricing details. Eager for your response Regards Sara Wood Demand Generation Manager Leads Data Inc., Please reply with REMOVE if you don't wish to receive further emails

2 months

1
0
0 0

[PATCH 0/2] ublk: fixes for selftests

by Uday Shankar

Fix a couple of issues I saw when developing selftests for ublk. These patches are split out from the following series: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-block/20250325-ublk_timeout-v1-0-262f0121a7bd… Signed-off-by: Uday Shankar <ushankar(a)purestorage.com> --- Uday Shankar (2): selftests: ublk: kublk: use ioctl-encoded opcodes selftests: ublk: kublk: fix an error log line tools/testing/selftests/ublk/kublk.c | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) --- base-commit: 4cfcc398357b0fb3d4c97d47d4a9e3c0653b7903 change-id: 20250325-ublk_selftests-6a055dfbc55b Best regards, -- Uday Shankar <ushankar(a)purestorage.com>

2 months

2
5
0 0

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Linux-kselftest-mirror April 2025