Problem =======
When host APEI is unable to claim a synchronous external abort (SEA) during guest abort, today KVM directly injects an asynchronous SError into the VCPU then resumes it. The injected SError usually results in unpleasant guest kernel panic.
One of the major situation of guest SEA is when VCPU consumes recoverable uncorrected memory error (UER), which is not uncommon at all in modern datacenter servers with large amounts of physical memory. Although SError and guest panic is sufficient to stop the propagation of corrupted memory, there is room to recover from an UER in a more graceful manner.
Proposed Solution =================
The idea is, we can replay the SEA to the faulting VCPU. If the memory error consumption or the fault that cause SEA is not from guest kernel, the blast radius can be limited to the poison-consuming guest process, while the VM can keep running.
In addition, instead of doing under the hood without involving userspace, there are benefits to redirect the SEA to VMM:
- VM customers care about the disruptions caused by memory errors, and VMM usually has the responsibility to start the process of notifying the customers of memory error events in their VMs. For example some cloud provider emits a critical log in their observability UI [1], and provides a playbook for customers on how to mitigate disruptions to their workloads.
- VMM can protect future memory error consumption by unmapping the poisoned pages from stage-2 page table with KVM userfault [2], or by splitting the memslot that contains the poisoned pages.
- VMM can keep track of SEA events in the VM. When VMM thinks the status on the host or the VM is bad enough, e.g. number of distinct SEAs exceeds a threshold, it can restart the VM on another healthy host.
- Behavior parity with x86 architecture. When machine check exception (MCE) is caused by VCPU, kernel or KVM signals userspace SIGBUS to let VMM either recover from the MCE, or terminate itself with VM. The prior RFC proposes to implement SIGBUS on arm64 as well, but Marc preferred KVM exit over signal [3]. However, implementation aside, returning SEA to VMM is on par with returning MCE to VMM.
Once SEA is redirected to VMM, among other actions, VMM is encouraged to inject external aborts into the faulting VCPU.
New UAPIs =========
This patchset introduces following userspace-visible changes to empower VMM to control what happens for SEA on guest memory:
- KVM_CAP_ARM_SEA_TO_USER. While taking SEA, if userspace has enabled this new capability at VM creation, and the SEA is not owned by kernel allocated memory, instead of injecting SError, return KVM_EXIT_ARM_SEA to userspace.
- KVM_EXIT_ARM_SEA. This is the VM exit reason VMM gets. The details about the SEA is provided in arm_sea as much as possible, including sanitized ESR value at EL2, faulting guest virtual and physical addresses if available.
* From v3 [4] - Rebased on commit 3a8660878839 ("Linux 6.18-rc1"). - In selftest, print a message if GVA or GPA expects to be valid.
* From v2 [5]: - Rebased on "[PATCH] KVM: arm64: nv: Handle SEAs due to VNCR redirection" [6] and kvmarm/next commit 7b8346bd9fce6 ("KVM: arm64: Don't attempt vLPI mappings when vPE allocation is disabled") - Took the host_owns_sea implementation from Oliver [7, 8]. - Excluded the guest SEA injection patches. - Updated selftest.
* From v1 [9]: - Rebased on commit 4d62121ce9b5 ("KVM: arm64: vgic-debug: Avoid dereferencing NULL ITE pointer"). - Sanitize ESR_EL2 before reporting it to userspace. - Do not do KVM_EXIT_ARM_SEA when SEA is caused by memory allocated to stage-2 translation table.
[1] https://cloud.google.com/solutions/sap/docs/manage-host-errors [2] https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/20250109204929.1106563-1-jthoughton@google.com [3] https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/86pljbqqh0.wl-maz@kernel.org [4] https://lore.kernel.org/kvmarm/20250731205844.1346839-1-jiaqiyan@google.com [5] https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/20250604050902.3944054-1-jiaqiyan@google.com [6] https://lore.kernel.org/kvmarm/20250729182342.3281742-1-oliver.upton@linux.d... [7] https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/aHFohmTb9qR_JG1E@linux.dev [8] https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/aHK-DPufhLy5Dtuk@linux.dev [9] https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/20250505161412.1926643-1-jiaqiyan@google.com
Jiaqi Yan (3): KVM: arm64: VM exit to userspace to handle SEA KVM: selftests: Test for KVM_EXIT_ARM_SEA Documentation: kvm: new UAPI for handling SEA
Documentation/virt/kvm/api.rst | 61 ++++ arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_host.h | 2 + arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c | 5 + arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c | 68 +++- include/uapi/linux/kvm.h | 10 + tools/arch/arm64/include/asm/esr.h | 2 + tools/testing/selftests/kvm/Makefile.kvm | 1 + .../testing/selftests/kvm/arm64/sea_to_user.c | 331 ++++++++++++++++++ tools/testing/selftests/kvm/lib/kvm_util.c | 1 + 9 files changed, 480 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/kvm/arm64/sea_to_user.c