Move all of the logic to execute memory conversion tests into library to allow sharing the logic between normal non-confidential VMs and SEV VMs.
Signed-off-by: Vishal Annapurve vannapurve@google.com --- tools/testing/selftests/kvm/Makefile | 1 + .../include/x86_64/private_mem_test_helper.h | 13 + .../kvm/lib/x86_64/private_mem_test_helper.c | 273 ++++++++++++++++++ .../selftests/kvm/x86_64/private_mem_test.c | 246 +--------------- 4 files changed, 289 insertions(+), 244 deletions(-) create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/kvm/include/x86_64/private_mem_test_helper.h create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/kvm/lib/x86_64/private_mem_test_helper.c
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/Makefile index c5fc8ea2c843..36874fedff4a 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/Makefile +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/Makefile @@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ LIBKVM_x86_64 += lib/x86_64/apic.c LIBKVM_x86_64 += lib/x86_64/handlers.S LIBKVM_x86_64 += lib/x86_64/perf_test_util.c LIBKVM_x86_64 += lib/x86_64/private_mem.c +LIBKVM_x86_64 += lib/x86_64/private_mem_test_helper.c LIBKVM_x86_64 += lib/x86_64/processor.c LIBKVM_x86_64 += lib/x86_64/svm.c LIBKVM_x86_64 += lib/x86_64/ucall.c diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/include/x86_64/private_mem_test_helper.h b/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/include/x86_64/private_mem_test_helper.h new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..31bc559cd813 --- /dev/null +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/include/x86_64/private_mem_test_helper.h @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only */ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2022, Google LLC. + */ + +#ifndef SELFTEST_KVM_PRIVATE_MEM_TEST_HELPER_H +#define SELFTEST_KVM_PRIVATE_MEM_TEST_HELPER_H + +void execute_memory_conversion_tests(void); + +void execute_sev_memory_conversion_tests(void); + +#endif // SELFTEST_KVM_PRIVATE_MEM_TEST_HELPER_H diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/lib/x86_64/private_mem_test_helper.c b/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/lib/x86_64/private_mem_test_helper.c new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..ce53bef7896e --- /dev/null +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/lib/x86_64/private_mem_test_helper.c @@ -0,0 +1,273 @@ +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 +/* + * Copyright (C) 2022, Google LLC. + */ +#define _GNU_SOURCE /* for program_invocation_short_name */ +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <string.h> + +#include <test_util.h> +#include <kvm_util.h> +#include <private_mem.h> +#include <private_mem_test_helper.h> +#include <processor.h> +#include <sev.h> + +#define VM_MEMSLOT0_PAGES (512 * 10) + +#define TEST_AREA_SLOT 10 +#define TEST_AREA_GPA 0xC0000000 +#define TEST_AREA_SIZE (2 * 1024 * 1024) +#define GUEST_TEST_MEM_OFFSET (1 * 1024 * 1024) +#define GUEST_TEST_MEM_SIZE (10 * 4096) + +#define VM_STAGE_PROCESSED(x) pr_info("Processed stage %s\n", #x) + +#define TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT1 0x66 +#define TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT2 0x99 +#define TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT3 0x33 +#define TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT4 0xaa +#define TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT5 0x12 + +static bool verify_mem_contents(void *mem, uint32_t size, uint8_t pat) +{ + uint8_t *buf = (uint8_t *)mem; + + for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++) { + if (buf[i] != pat) + return false; + } + + return true; +} + +/* + * Add custom implementation for memset to avoid using standard/builtin memset + * which may use features like SSE/GOT that don't work with guest vm execution + * within selftests. + */ +void *memset(void *mem, int byte, size_t size) +{ + uint8_t *buf = (uint8_t *)mem; + + for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++) + buf[i] = byte; + + return buf; +} + +static void populate_test_area(void *test_area_base, uint64_t pat) +{ + memset(test_area_base, pat, TEST_AREA_SIZE); +} + +static void populate_guest_test_mem(void *guest_test_mem, uint64_t pat) +{ + memset(guest_test_mem, pat, GUEST_TEST_MEM_SIZE); +} + +static bool verify_test_area(void *test_area_base, uint64_t area_pat, + uint64_t guest_pat) +{ + void *test_area1_base = test_area_base; + uint64_t test_area1_size = GUEST_TEST_MEM_OFFSET; + void *guest_test_mem = test_area_base + test_area1_size; + uint64_t guest_test_size = GUEST_TEST_MEM_SIZE; + void *test_area2_base = guest_test_mem + guest_test_size; + uint64_t test_area2_size = (TEST_AREA_SIZE - (GUEST_TEST_MEM_OFFSET + + GUEST_TEST_MEM_SIZE)); + + return (verify_mem_contents(test_area1_base, test_area1_size, area_pat) && + verify_mem_contents(guest_test_mem, guest_test_size, guest_pat) && + verify_mem_contents(test_area2_base, test_area2_size, area_pat)); +} + +#define GUEST_STARTED 0 +#define GUEST_PRIVATE_MEM_POPULATED 1 +#define GUEST_SHARED_MEM_POPULATED 2 +#define GUEST_PRIVATE_MEM_POPULATED2 3 +#define GUEST_IMPLICIT_MEM_CONV1 4 +#define GUEST_IMPLICIT_MEM_CONV2 5 + +/* + * Run memory conversion tests supporting two types of conversion: + * 1) Explicit: Execute KVM hypercall to map/unmap gpa range which will cause + * userspace exit to back/unback private memory. Subsequent accesses by guest + * to the gpa range will not cause exit to userspace. + * 2) Implicit: Execute KVM hypercall to update memory access to a gpa range as + * private/shared without exiting to userspace. Subsequent accesses by guest + * to the gpa range will result in KVM EPT/NPT faults and then exit to + * userspace for each page. + * + * Test memory conversion scenarios with following steps: + * 1) Access private memory using private access and verify that memory contents + * are not visible to userspace. + * 2) Convert memory to shared using explicit/implicit conversions and ensure + * that userspace is able to access the shared regions. + * 3) Convert memory back to private using explicit/implicit conversions and + * ensure that userspace is again not able to access converted private + * regions. + */ +static void guest_conv_test_fn(bool test_explicit_conv) +{ + void *test_area_base = (void *)TEST_AREA_GPA; + void *guest_test_mem = (void *)(TEST_AREA_GPA + GUEST_TEST_MEM_OFFSET); + uint64_t guest_test_size = GUEST_TEST_MEM_SIZE; + + guest_map_ucall_page_shared(); + GUEST_SYNC(GUEST_STARTED); + + populate_test_area(test_area_base, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT1); + GUEST_SYNC(GUEST_PRIVATE_MEM_POPULATED); + GUEST_ASSERT(verify_test_area(test_area_base, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT1, + TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT1)); + + if (test_explicit_conv) + guest_update_mem_map(TO_SHARED, (uint64_t)guest_test_mem, + (uint64_t)guest_test_mem, guest_test_size); + else { + guest_update_mem_access(TO_SHARED, (uint64_t)guest_test_mem, + (uint64_t)guest_test_mem, guest_test_size); + GUEST_SYNC(GUEST_IMPLICIT_MEM_CONV1); + } + + populate_guest_test_mem(guest_test_mem, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT2); + + GUEST_SYNC(GUEST_SHARED_MEM_POPULATED); + GUEST_ASSERT(verify_test_area(test_area_base, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT1, + TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT5)); + + if (test_explicit_conv) + guest_update_mem_map(TO_PRIVATE, (uint64_t)guest_test_mem, + (uint64_t)guest_test_mem, guest_test_size); + else { + guest_update_mem_access(TO_PRIVATE, (uint64_t)guest_test_mem, + (uint64_t)guest_test_mem, guest_test_size); + GUEST_SYNC(GUEST_IMPLICIT_MEM_CONV2); + } + + populate_guest_test_mem(guest_test_mem, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT3); + GUEST_SYNC(GUEST_PRIVATE_MEM_POPULATED2); + + GUEST_ASSERT(verify_test_area(test_area_base, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT1, + TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT3)); + GUEST_DONE(); +} + +static void conv_test_ioexit_fn(struct kvm_vm *vm, uint32_t uc_arg1) +{ + void *test_area_hva = addr_gpa2hva(vm, TEST_AREA_GPA); + void *guest_test_mem_hva = (test_area_hva + GUEST_TEST_MEM_OFFSET); + uint64_t guest_mem_gpa = (TEST_AREA_GPA + GUEST_TEST_MEM_OFFSET); + uint64_t guest_test_size = GUEST_TEST_MEM_SIZE; + + switch (uc_arg1) { + case GUEST_STARTED: + populate_test_area(test_area_hva, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT4); + VM_STAGE_PROCESSED(GUEST_STARTED); + break; + case GUEST_PRIVATE_MEM_POPULATED: + TEST_ASSERT(verify_test_area(test_area_hva, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT4, + TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT4), "failed"); + VM_STAGE_PROCESSED(GUEST_PRIVATE_MEM_POPULATED); + break; + case GUEST_SHARED_MEM_POPULATED: + TEST_ASSERT(verify_test_area(test_area_hva, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT4, + TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT2), "failed"); + populate_guest_test_mem(guest_test_mem_hva, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT5); + VM_STAGE_PROCESSED(GUEST_SHARED_MEM_POPULATED); + break; + case GUEST_PRIVATE_MEM_POPULATED2: + TEST_ASSERT(verify_test_area(test_area_hva, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT4, + TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT5), "failed"); + VM_STAGE_PROCESSED(GUEST_PRIVATE_MEM_POPULATED2); + break; + case GUEST_IMPLICIT_MEM_CONV1: + /* + * For first implicit conversion, memory is already private so + * mark it private again just to zap the pte entries for the gpa + * range, so that subsequent accesses from the guest will + * generate ept/npt fault and memory conversion path will be + * exercised by KVM. + */ + vm_update_private_mem(vm, guest_mem_gpa, guest_test_size, + ALLOCATE_MEM); + VM_STAGE_PROCESSED(GUEST_IMPLICIT_MEM_CONV1); + break; + case GUEST_IMPLICIT_MEM_CONV2: + /* + * For second implicit conversion, memory is already shared so + * mark it shared again just to zap the pte entries for the gpa + * range, so that subsequent accesses from the guest will + * generate ept/npt fault and memory conversion path will be + * exercised by KVM. + */ + vm_update_private_mem(vm, guest_mem_gpa, guest_test_size, + UNBACK_MEM); + VM_STAGE_PROCESSED(GUEST_IMPLICIT_MEM_CONV2); + break; + default: + TEST_FAIL("Unknown stage %d\n", uc_arg1); + break; + } +} + +static void guest_explicit_conv_test_fn(void) +{ + guest_conv_test_fn(true); +} + +static void guest_implicit_conv_test_fn(void) +{ + guest_conv_test_fn(false); +} + +/* + * Execute implicit and explicit memory conversion tests with non-confidential + * VMs using memslots with private memory. + */ +void execute_memory_conversion_tests(void) +{ + struct vm_setup_info info; + struct test_setup_info *test_info = &info.test_info; + + info.vm_mem_src = VM_MEM_SRC_ANONYMOUS; + info.memslot0_pages = VM_MEMSLOT0_PAGES; + test_info->test_area_gpa = TEST_AREA_GPA; + test_info->test_area_size = TEST_AREA_SIZE; + test_info->test_area_slot = TEST_AREA_SLOT; + test_info->test_area_mem_src = VM_MEM_SRC_ANONYMOUS; + info.ioexit_cb = conv_test_ioexit_fn; + + info.guest_fn = guest_explicit_conv_test_fn; + execute_vm_with_private_mem(&info); + + info.guest_fn = guest_implicit_conv_test_fn; + execute_vm_with_private_mem(&info); +} + +/* + * Execute implicit and explicit memory conversion tests with SEV VMs using + * memslots with private memory. + */ +void execute_sev_memory_conversion_tests(void) +{ + struct vm_setup_info info; + struct test_setup_info *test_info = &info.test_info; + + info.vm_mem_src = VM_MEM_SRC_ANONYMOUS; + info.memslot0_pages = VM_MEMSLOT0_PAGES; + test_info->test_area_gpa = TEST_AREA_GPA; + test_info->test_area_size = TEST_AREA_SIZE; + test_info->test_area_slot = TEST_AREA_SLOT; + test_info->test_area_mem_src = VM_MEM_SRC_ANONYMOUS; + info.ioexit_cb = conv_test_ioexit_fn; + + info.policy = SEV_POLICY_NO_DBG; + info.guest_fn = guest_explicit_conv_test_fn; + execute_sev_vm_with_private_mem(&info); + + info.guest_fn = guest_implicit_conv_test_fn; + execute_sev_vm_with_private_mem(&info); +} diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/x86_64/private_mem_test.c b/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/x86_64/private_mem_test.c index 52430b97bd0b..49da626e5807 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/x86_64/private_mem_test.c +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/kvm/x86_64/private_mem_test.c @@ -1,263 +1,21 @@ // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 /* - * tools/testing/selftests/kvm/lib/kvm_util.c - * * Copyright (C) 2022, Google LLC. */ #define _GNU_SOURCE /* for program_invocation_short_name */ -#include <fcntl.h> -#include <limits.h> -#include <sched.h> -#include <signal.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> -#include <sys/ioctl.h> - -#include <linux/compiler.h> -#include <linux/kernel.h> -#include <linux/kvm_para.h> -#include <linux/memfd.h>
#include <test_util.h> #include <kvm_util.h> -#include <private_mem.h> -#include <processor.h> - -#define VM_MEMSLOT0_PAGES (512 * 10) - -#define TEST_AREA_SLOT 10 -#define TEST_AREA_GPA 0xC0000000 -#define TEST_AREA_SIZE (2 * 1024 * 1024) -#define GUEST_TEST_MEM_OFFSET (1 * 1024 * 1024) -#define GUEST_TEST_MEM_SIZE (10 * 4096) - -#define VM_STAGE_PROCESSED(x) pr_info("Processed stage %s\n", #x) - -#define TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT1 0x66 -#define TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT2 0x99 -#define TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT3 0x33 -#define TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT4 0xaa -#define TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT5 0x12 - -static bool verify_mem_contents(void *mem, uint32_t size, uint8_t pat) -{ - uint8_t *buf = (uint8_t *)mem; - - for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++) { - if (buf[i] != pat) - return false; - } - - return true; -} - -/* - * Add custom implementation for memset to avoid using standard/builtin memset - * which may use features like SSE/GOT that don't work with guest vm execution - * within selftests. - */ -void *memset(void *mem, int byte, size_t size) -{ - uint8_t *buf = (uint8_t *)mem; - - for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++) - buf[i] = byte; - - return buf; -} - -static void populate_test_area(void *test_area_base, uint64_t pat) -{ - memset(test_area_base, pat, TEST_AREA_SIZE); -} - -static void populate_guest_test_mem(void *guest_test_mem, uint64_t pat) -{ - memset(guest_test_mem, pat, GUEST_TEST_MEM_SIZE); -} - -static bool verify_test_area(void *test_area_base, uint64_t area_pat, - uint64_t guest_pat) -{ - void *test_area1_base = test_area_base; - uint64_t test_area1_size = GUEST_TEST_MEM_OFFSET; - void *guest_test_mem = test_area_base + test_area1_size; - uint64_t guest_test_size = GUEST_TEST_MEM_SIZE; - void *test_area2_base = guest_test_mem + guest_test_size; - uint64_t test_area2_size = (TEST_AREA_SIZE - (GUEST_TEST_MEM_OFFSET + - GUEST_TEST_MEM_SIZE)); - - return (verify_mem_contents(test_area1_base, test_area1_size, area_pat) && - verify_mem_contents(guest_test_mem, guest_test_size, guest_pat) && - verify_mem_contents(test_area2_base, test_area2_size, area_pat)); -} - -#define GUEST_STARTED 0 -#define GUEST_PRIVATE_MEM_POPULATED 1 -#define GUEST_SHARED_MEM_POPULATED 2 -#define GUEST_PRIVATE_MEM_POPULATED2 3 -#define GUEST_IMPLICIT_MEM_CONV1 4 -#define GUEST_IMPLICIT_MEM_CONV2 5 - -/* - * Run memory conversion tests supporting two types of conversion: - * 1) Explicit: Execute KVM hypercall to map/unmap gpa range which will cause - * userspace exit to back/unback private memory. Subsequent accesses by guest - * to the gpa range will not cause exit to userspace. - * 2) Implicit: Execute KVM hypercall to update memory access to a gpa range as - * private/shared without exiting to userspace. Subsequent accesses by guest - * to the gpa range will result in KVM EPT/NPT faults and then exit to - * userspace for each page. - * - * Test memory conversion scenarios with following steps: - * 1) Access private memory using private access and verify that memory contents - * are not visible to userspace. - * 2) Convert memory to shared using explicit/implicit conversions and ensure - * that userspace is able to access the shared regions. - * 3) Convert memory back to private using explicit/implicit conversions and - * ensure that userspace is again not able to access converted private - * regions. - */ -static void guest_conv_test_fn(bool test_explicit_conv) -{ - void *test_area_base = (void *)TEST_AREA_GPA; - void *guest_test_mem = (void *)(TEST_AREA_GPA + GUEST_TEST_MEM_OFFSET); - uint64_t guest_test_size = GUEST_TEST_MEM_SIZE; - - guest_map_ucall_page_shared(); - GUEST_SYNC(GUEST_STARTED); - - populate_test_area(test_area_base, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT1); - GUEST_SYNC(GUEST_PRIVATE_MEM_POPULATED); - GUEST_ASSERT(verify_test_area(test_area_base, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT1, - TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT1)); - - if (test_explicit_conv) - guest_update_mem_map(TO_SHARED, (uint64_t)guest_test_mem, - guest_test_size); - else { - guest_update_mem_access(TO_SHARED, (uint64_t)guest_test_mem, - guest_test_size); - GUEST_SYNC(GUEST_IMPLICIT_MEM_CONV1); - } - - populate_guest_test_mem(guest_test_mem, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT2); - - GUEST_SYNC(GUEST_SHARED_MEM_POPULATED); - GUEST_ASSERT(verify_test_area(test_area_base, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT1, - TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT5)); - - if (test_explicit_conv) - guest_update_mem_map(TO_PRIVATE, (uint64_t)guest_test_mem, - guest_test_size); - else { - guest_update_mem_access(TO_PRIVATE, (uint64_t)guest_test_mem, - guest_test_size); - GUEST_SYNC(GUEST_IMPLICIT_MEM_CONV2); - } - - populate_guest_test_mem(guest_test_mem, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT3); - GUEST_SYNC(GUEST_PRIVATE_MEM_POPULATED2); - - GUEST_ASSERT(verify_test_area(test_area_base, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT1, - TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT3)); - GUEST_DONE(); -} - -static void conv_test_ioexit_fn(struct kvm_vm *vm, uint32_t uc_arg1) -{ - void *test_area_hva = addr_gpa2hva(vm, TEST_AREA_GPA); - void *guest_test_mem_hva = (test_area_hva + GUEST_TEST_MEM_OFFSET); - uint64_t guest_mem_gpa = (TEST_AREA_GPA + GUEST_TEST_MEM_OFFSET); - uint64_t guest_test_size = GUEST_TEST_MEM_SIZE; - - switch (uc_arg1) { - case GUEST_STARTED: - populate_test_area(test_area_hva, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT4); - VM_STAGE_PROCESSED(GUEST_STARTED); - break; - case GUEST_PRIVATE_MEM_POPULATED: - TEST_ASSERT(verify_test_area(test_area_hva, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT4, - TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT4), "failed"); - VM_STAGE_PROCESSED(GUEST_PRIVATE_MEM_POPULATED); - break; - case GUEST_SHARED_MEM_POPULATED: - TEST_ASSERT(verify_test_area(test_area_hva, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT4, - TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT2), "failed"); - populate_guest_test_mem(guest_test_mem_hva, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT5); - VM_STAGE_PROCESSED(GUEST_SHARED_MEM_POPULATED); - break; - case GUEST_PRIVATE_MEM_POPULATED2: - TEST_ASSERT(verify_test_area(test_area_hva, TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT4, - TEST_MEM_DATA_PAT5), "failed"); - VM_STAGE_PROCESSED(GUEST_PRIVATE_MEM_POPULATED2); - break; - case GUEST_IMPLICIT_MEM_CONV1: - /* - * For first implicit conversion, memory is already private so - * mark it private again just to zap the pte entries for the gpa - * range, so that subsequent accesses from the guest will - * generate ept/npt fault and memory conversion path will be - * exercised by KVM. - */ - vm_update_private_mem(vm, guest_mem_gpa, guest_test_size, - ALLOCATE_MEM); - VM_STAGE_PROCESSED(GUEST_IMPLICIT_MEM_CONV1); - break; - case GUEST_IMPLICIT_MEM_CONV2: - /* - * For second implicit conversion, memory is already shared so - * mark it shared again just to zap the pte entries for the gpa - * range, so that subsequent accesses from the guest will - * generate ept/npt fault and memory conversion path will be - * exercised by KVM. - */ - vm_update_private_mem(vm, guest_mem_gpa, guest_test_size, - UNBACK_MEM); - VM_STAGE_PROCESSED(GUEST_IMPLICIT_MEM_CONV2); - break; - default: - TEST_FAIL("Unknown stage %d\n", uc_arg1); - break; - } -} - -static void guest_explicit_conv_test_fn(void) -{ - guest_conv_test_fn(true); -} - -static void guest_implicit_conv_test_fn(void) -{ - guest_conv_test_fn(false); -} - -static void execute_memory_conversion_test(void) -{ - struct vm_setup_info info; - struct test_setup_info *test_info = &info.test_info; - - info.vm_mem_src = VM_MEM_SRC_ANONYMOUS; - info.memslot0_pages = VM_MEMSLOT0_PAGES; - test_info->test_area_gpa = TEST_AREA_GPA; - test_info->test_area_size = TEST_AREA_SIZE; - test_info->test_area_slot = TEST_AREA_SLOT; - test_info->test_area_mem_src = VM_MEM_SRC_ANONYMOUS; - info.ioexit_cb = conv_test_ioexit_fn; - - info.guest_fn = guest_explicit_conv_test_fn; - execute_vm_with_private_mem(&info); - - info.guest_fn = guest_implicit_conv_test_fn; - execute_vm_with_private_mem(&info); -} +#include <private_mem_test_helper.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { /* Tell stdout not to buffer its content */ setbuf(stdout, NULL);
- execute_memory_conversion_test(); + execute_memory_conversion_tests(); return 0; }