Rust support
This is the patch series (v6) to add support for Rust as a second language to the Linux kernel.
If you are interested in following this effort, please join us in the mailing list at:
rust-for-linux@vger.kernel.org
and take a look at the project itself at:
https://github.com/Rust-for-Linux
As usual, special thanks go to ISRG (Internet Security Research Group) and Google for their financial support on this endeavor.
Cheers, Miguel
--
# Rust support
This cover letter explains the major changes and updates done since the previous ones. For those, please see:
RFC: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20210414184604.23473-1-ojeda@kernel.org/ v1: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20210704202756.29107-1-ojeda@kernel.org/ v2: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20211206140313.5653-1-ojeda@kernel.org/ v3: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20220117053349.6804-1-ojeda@kernel.org/ v4: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20220212130410.6901-1-ojeda@kernel.org/ v5: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20220317181032.15436-1-ojeda@kernel.org/
## Infrastructure updates
There have been several improvements to the overall Rust support:
- The toolchain and `alloc` have been upgraded to Rust 1.60.0. This version stabilized `feature(maybe_uninit_extra)` that we are using.
- Support running documentation tests in-kernel, based on KUnit.
Rust documentation tests are typically examples of usage of any item (e.g. function, struct, module...). They are very convenient because they are just written alongside the documentation, e.g.:
/// Sums two numbers. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// assert_eq!(mymod::f(10, 20), 30); /// ``` pub fn f(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 { a + b }
So far, we were compiling and running them in the host as any other Rust documentation test. However, that meant we could not run tests that used kernel APIs (though we were compile-testing them, which was already useful to keep the documentation in sync with the code).
Now, the documentation tests for the `kernel` crate are transformed into a KUnit test suite during compilation and run within the kernel at boot time, if enabled. This means now we can run the tests that use kernel APIs.
They look like this (their name is generated by `rustdoc`, based on the file and line):
[ 0.581961] TAP version 14 [ 0.582092] 1..1 [ 0.582267] # Subtest: rust_kernel_doctests [ 0.582358] 1..70 [ 0.583626] ok 1 - rust_kernel_doctest_build_assert_rs_12_0 [ 0.584579] ok 2 - rust_kernel_doctest_build_assert_rs_55_0 [ 0.587357] ok 3 - rust_kernel_doctest_device_rs_361_0 [ 0.588037] ok 4 - rust_kernel_doctest_device_rs_386_0
...
[ 0.659249] ok 69 - rust_kernel_doctest_types_rs_445_0 [ 0.660451] ok 70 - rust_kernel_doctest_types_rs_509_0 [ 0.660680] # rust_kernel_doctests: pass:70 fail:0 skip:0 total:70 [ 0.660894] # Totals: pass:70 fail:0 skip:0 total:70 [ 0.661135] ok 1 - rust_kernel_doctests
There are other benefits from this, such as being able to remove unneeded wrapper functions (that were used to avoid running some tests) as well as ensuring test code would actually compile within the kernel (e.g. `alloc` used different `cfg`s).
- Tests are now (and are enforced to be) Clippy-clean, like the rest of the Rust kernel code (i.e. according to the same rules).
- Other cleanups, fixes and improvements.
## Abstractions and driver updates
Some of the improvements to the abstractions and example drivers are:
- The start of networking support (`net` module), with types like:
+ `Namespace` (based on `struct net`). + `SkBuff` (based on `struct sk_buff`). + `Ipv4Addr` (based on `struct in_addr`), and its v6 equivalent. + `SocketAddrV4` (based on `struct sockaddr_in`), and its v6 equivalent. + `TcpListener` and `TcpStream` (based on `struct socket`).
- The beginning of `async` support (`kasync` module).
Rust provides support for asynchronous programming in a way that can be used in constrained environments, including the kernel.
For instance, this allows us to write asynchronous TCP socket code within the kernel such as:
async fn echo_server(stream: TcpStream) -> Result { let mut buf = [0u8; 1024]; loop { let n = stream.read(&mut buf).await?; if n == 0 { return Ok(()); } stream.write_all(&buf[..n]).await?; } }
This code looks very close to a synchronous version, yet it supports being driven to completion "step by step" by an executor. The `read()`/`write_all()` calls above, instead of blocking the current thread, return a future which can be polled. The `.await` points poll the future and, if the result is not ready, suspend the state such that execution resumes there later on (the state machine needed for this gets implemented by the compiler). This allows an executor to drive multiple futures to completion concurrently on the same thread.
An executor is not included yet, but `kasync` includes async versions of `TcpListener` and `TcpStream` (based on the non-async ones) which employ `SocketFuture` (which in turn uses a `struct wait_queue_entry`).
- Support for network packet filters (`net::filter` module) and its related `rust_netfilter.rs` sample.
- Added `smutex::Mutex`: a simple mutex that does not require pinning, so that the ergonomics are much improved, though the implementation is not as feature-rich as the C-based one.
- New `NoWaitLock`: one that never waits, that is, if it is owned by another thread/CPU, then attempts to acquire it will fail (instead of, for example, blocking the caller).
- Added `RawSpinLock` (backed by `raw_spinlock_t`), used when code sections cannot sleep even in real-time variants of the kernel.
- Added `ARef`, an owned reference to an always-refcounted object, meant to simplify how we define wrappers to types defined on the C side of the source code.
- Other cleanups, fixes and improvements.
## Patch series status
The Rust support is still to be considered experimental. However, support is good enough that kernel developers can start working on the Rust abstractions for subsystems and write drivers and other modules.
The current series has just arrived in `linux-next`, as usual. Similarly, the preview docs for this series can be seen at:
https://rust-for-linux.github.io/docs/kernel/
As usual, please see the following link for the live list of unstable Rust features we are using:
https://github.com/Rust-for-Linux/linux/issues/2
## Conferences, meetings and liaisons
We would like to announce the Rust MC (microconference) in the upcoming LPC 2022 (Linux Plumbers Conference):
https://lpc.events/event/16/contributions/1159/
The Rust MC intends to cover talks and discussions on both Rust for Linux as well as other non-kernel Rust topics. The Call for Proposals is open!
Furthermore, we would like to thank you the venues we were invited to:
- Rust Linz 2022 - Linux Foundation Live Mentorship Series
## Related news
`rustc_codegen_gcc` (the GCC backend for `rustc`) can now bootstrap `rustc`! In addition, GCC 12.1 (just released) carries some of the patches that were needed by the project in upstream `libgccjit`; and the project is looking into getting distributed with `rustup`.
`gccrs` (the Rust frontend for GCC) has got a second full time developer working on it, Arthur Cohen, as well as a lot of technical progress too, such as a new testing project, slice generation support and macro-related work.
## Acknowledgements
The signatures in the main commits correspond to the people that wrote code that has ended up in them at the present time. For details on contributions to code and discussions, please see our repository:
https://github.com/Rust-for-Linux/linux
However, we would like to give credit to everyone that has contributed in one way or another to the Rust for Linux project. Since the previous cover letter:
- Andy Shevchenko, Petr Mladek, Sergey Senozhatsky for their review of the `vsprintf` patch.
- Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo and Andrii Nakryiko for their input on `pahole` and BTF, Arnaldo for adding support `pahole` for `--lang` and `--lang_exclude` (useful to skip Rust CUs) and Martin Reboredo for reporting the `CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF` issue.
- Daniel Latypov, David Gow and Brendan Higgins for their input on KUnit and their reviews on a prerequisite Rust patch on it.
- Kees Cook for reviewing the kallsyms prerequisite patches.
- Greg Kroah-Hartman for his suggestions on the `alloc` patch.
- Daniel Paoliello for his ongoing work on adding more `try_*` methods to `Vec` in the standard library. Currently, we have some similar methods in our custom `alloc` that we could drop once equivalents arrive upstream. Also John Ericson for his reviews.
- bjorn3 for reviewing many PRs and the input around potential UB in doctests.
- As usual, bjorn3 and Gary Guo for all the input on Rust compiler details and suggestions.
- Adam Bratschi-Kaye for working on `seq_file` and `debugfs` abstractions.
- Maciej Falkowski for continuing his work on the Samsung Exynos TRNG driver and the required abstractions around it, such as adding `delay`, `ktime` and `iopoll` abstractions, new methods to `platform::Device` and run-time power management abstractions.
- Daniel Xu for working on adding a Rust allocator based on the `kvmalloc` family of functions.
- Hongyu Li for working on Rust iterators as the equivalent of `cpumask`'s `for_each_*_cpu`.
- Andreas Hindborg for adding support to `kernel::Pages` methods to allow read/write of multiple pages.
- Sergio González Collado for working on adding `#[cold]` attributes for error-related items and GitHub CI problem matchers.
- Sean Nash for updating the out-of-tree-module example due to a change in the main repository.
- Michael Ellerman, Nicholas Piggin, Paul E. McKenney and Zhouyi Zhou for debugging the `CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS=n` stall issue in PowerPC that we triggered in our CI.
- Jonathan Corbet for writing an LWN article on the crates discussion that took place in the Rust for Linux mailing list.
- Wei Liu for taking the time to answer questions from newcomers in Zulip.
- Philip Li, Yujie Liu et al. for continuing their work on adding Rust support to the Intel 0DAY/LKP kernel test robot.
- Philip Herron and Arthur Cohen (and his supporters Open Source Security and Embecosm) et al. for their ongoing work on GCC Rust.
- Antoni Boucher (and his supporters) et al. for their ongoing work on `rustc_codegen_gcc`.
- Mats Larsen, Marc Poulhiès et al. for their ongoing work on improving Rust support in Compiler Explorer.
- Many folks that have reported issues, tested the project, helped spread the word, joined discussions and contributed in other ways!
Please see also the acknowledgements on the previous cover letters.
Boqun Feng (1): kallsyms: avoid hardcoding the buffer size
Gary Guo (2): rust: add `build_error` crate vsprintf: add new `%pA` format specifier
Miguel Ojeda (16): kallsyms: support "big" kernel symbols kallsyms: increase maximum kernel symbol length to 512 kunit: take `kunit_assert` as `const` rust: add C helpers rust: add `compiler_builtins` crate rust: import upstream `alloc` crate rust: adapt `alloc` crate to the kernel rust: add `macros` crate rust: export generated symbols scripts: add `rustdoc_test_{builder,gen}.py` scripts scripts: add `generate_rust_analyzer.py` scripts scripts: decode_stacktrace: demangle Rust symbols docs: add Rust documentation Kbuild: add Rust support samples: add Rust examples MAINTAINERS: Rust
Wedson Almeida Filho (4): rust: add `kernel` crate's `sync` module rust: add `kernel` crate [RFC] drivers: gpio: PrimeCell PL061 in Rust [RFC] drivers: android: Binder IPC in Rust
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+++ rust/kernel/kasync.rs | 6 + rust/kernel/kasync/net.rs | 322 ++ rust/kernel/kunit.rs | 91 + rust/kernel/lib.rs | 260 ++ rust/kernel/linked_list.rs | 247 ++ rust/kernel/miscdev.rs | 291 ++ rust/kernel/mm.rs | 149 + rust/kernel/module_param.rs | 498 +++ rust/kernel/net.rs | 392 ++ rust/kernel/net/filter.rs | 447 +++ rust/kernel/of.rs | 63 + rust/kernel/pages.rs | 144 + rust/kernel/platform.rs | 223 ++ rust/kernel/power.rs | 118 + rust/kernel/prelude.rs | 36 + rust/kernel/print.rs | 405 +++ rust/kernel/random.rs | 42 + rust/kernel/raw_list.rs | 361 ++ rust/kernel/rbtree.rs | 563 +++ rust/kernel/revocable.rs | 161 + rust/kernel/security.rs | 38 + rust/kernel/static_assert.rs | 38 + rust/kernel/std_vendor.rs | 160 + rust/kernel/str.rs | 597 ++++ rust/kernel/sync.rs | 161 + rust/kernel/sync/arc.rs | 503 +++ rust/kernel/sync/condvar.rs | 138 + rust/kernel/sync/guard.rs | 169 + rust/kernel/sync/locked_by.rs | 111 + rust/kernel/sync/mutex.rs | 153 + rust/kernel/sync/nowait.rs | 188 + 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