From: Fenghua Yu fenghua.yu@intel.com
PKS allows kernel users to define domains of page mappings which have additional protections beyond the paging protections. Violating those protections results in an oops.
Add an API to allocate, use, and free a protection key which identifies such a domain. Export 5 new symbols pks_key_alloc(), pks_mk_noaccess(), pks_mk_readonly(), pks_mk_readwrite(), and pks_key_free(). Add 2 new macros; PAGE_KERNEL_PKEY(key) and _PAGE_PKEY(pkey).
Update the protection key documentation to cover pkeys on supervisor pages.
Cc: Sean Christopherson seanjc@google.com Reviewed-by: Dan Williams dan.j.williams@intel.com Co-developed-by: Ira Weiny ira.weiny@intel.com Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny ira.weiny@intel.com Signed-off-by: Fenghua Yu fenghua.yu@intel.com
--- Changes from V4: From Sean Christopherson Add what happens if the pkey is violated
Changes from V3: From Dan Williams Remove flags from pks_key_alloc() Convert to ARCH_ENABLE_SUPERVISOR_PKEYS Update documentation for ARCH_ENABLE_SUPERVISOR_PKEYS No need to export write_pkrs Correct Kernel Doc for API functions From Dan Williams remove export of update_pkey_val() Update documentation change __clear_bit to clear_bit_unlock remove cpu_feature_enabled from pks_key_free remove pr_err stubs when CONFIG_HAS_SUPERVISOR_PKEYS=n clarify pks_key_alloc flags parameter with enum From Randy Dunlap: Fix grammatical errors in doc
Changes from V2 From Greg KH Replace all WARN_ON_ONCE() uses with pr_err() From Dan Williams Add __must_check to pks_key_alloc() to help ensure users are using the API correctly
Changes from V1 Per Dave Hansen Add flags to pks_key_alloc() to help future proof the interface if/when the key space is exhausted.
Changes from RFC V3 Per Dave Hansen Put WARN_ON_ONCE in pks_key_free() s/pks_mknoaccess/pks_mk_noaccess/ s/pks_mkread/pks_mk_readonly/ s/pks_mkrdwr/pks_mk_readwrite/ Change return pks_key_alloc() to EOPNOTSUPP when not supported or configured Per Peter Zijlstra Remove unneeded preempt disable/enable --- Documentation/core-api/protection-keys.rst | 109 +++++++++++++--- arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable_types.h | 12 ++ arch/x86/include/asm/pks.h | 4 + arch/x86/mm/pkeys.c | 137 ++++++++++++++++++++- include/linux/pgtable.h | 4 + include/linux/pkeys.h | 17 +++ 6 files changed, 264 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
diff --git a/Documentation/core-api/protection-keys.rst b/Documentation/core-api/protection-keys.rst index ec575e72d0b2..5b1b90d8bdab 100644 --- a/Documentation/core-api/protection-keys.rst +++ b/Documentation/core-api/protection-keys.rst @@ -4,25 +4,30 @@ Memory Protection Keys ======================
-Memory Protection Keys for Userspace (PKU aka PKEYs) is a feature -which is found on Intel's Skylake (and later) "Scalable Processor" -Server CPUs. It will be available in future non-server Intel parts -and future AMD processors. +Memory Protection Keys provide a mechanism for enforcing page-based +protections, but without requiring modification of the page tables +when an application changes protection domains.
-For anyone wishing to test or use this feature, it is available in -Amazon's EC2 C5 instances and is known to work there using an Ubuntu -17.04 image. +PKeys Userspace (PKU) is a feature which is found on Intel's Skylake "Scalable +Processor" Server CPUs and later. And it will be available in future +non-server Intel parts and future AMD processors.
-Memory Protection Keys provides a mechanism for enforcing page-based -protections, but without requiring modification of the page tables -when an application changes protection domains. It works by -dedicating 4 previously ignored bits in each page table entry to a -"protection key", giving 16 possible keys. +Protection Keys for Supervisor pages (PKS) is available in the SDM since May +2020. + +pkeys work by dedicating 4 previously Reserved bits in each page table entry to +a "protection key", giving 16 possible keys. User and Supervisor pages are +treated separately.
-There is also a new user-accessible register (PKRU) with two separate -bits (Access Disable and Write Disable) for each key. Being a CPU -register, PKRU is inherently thread-local, potentially giving each -thread a different set of protections from every other thread. +Protections for each page are controlled with per-CPU registers for each type +of page User and Supervisor. Each of these 32-bit register stores two separate +bits (Access Disable and Write Disable) for each key. + +For Userspace the register is user-accessible (rdpkru/wrpkru). For +Supervisor, the register (MSR_IA32_PKRS) is accessible only to the kernel. + +Being a CPU register, pkeys are inherently thread-local, potentially giving +each thread an independent set of protections from every other thread.
There are two new instructions (RDPKRU/WRPKRU) for reading and writing to the new register. The feature is only available in 64-bit mode, @@ -30,8 +35,11 @@ even though there is theoretically space in the PAE PTEs. These permissions are enforced on data access only and have no effect on instruction fetches.
-Syscalls -======== +For kernel space rdmsr/wrmsr are used to access the kernel MSRs. + + +Syscalls for user space keys +============================
There are 3 system calls which directly interact with pkeys::
@@ -98,3 +106,68 @@ with a read():: The kernel will send a SIGSEGV in both cases, but si_code will be set to SEGV_PKERR when violating protection keys versus SEGV_ACCERR when the plain mprotect() permissions are violated. + + +Kernel API for PKS support +========================== + +Similar to user space pkeys, supervisor pkeys allow additional protections to +be defined for a supervisor mappings. Unlike user space pkeys, Violations of +these protections result in a a kernel oops. + +The following interface is used to allocate, use, and free a pkey which defines +a 'protection domain' within the kernel. Setting a pkey value in a supervisor +PTE adds this additional protection to the page. + +Kernel users intending to use PKS support should check (depend on) +ARCH_HAS_SUPERVISOR_PKEYS and add their config to ARCH_ENABLE_SUPERVISOR_PKEYS +to turn on this support within the core. + + int pks_key_alloc(const char * const pkey_user); + #define PAGE_KERNEL_PKEY(pkey) + #define _PAGE_KEY(pkey) + void pks_mk_noaccess(int pkey); + void pks_mk_readonly(int pkey); + void pks_mk_readwrite(int pkey); + void pks_key_free(int pkey); + +pks_key_alloc() allocates keys dynamically to allow better use of the limited +key space. + +Callers of pks_key_alloc() _must_ be prepared for it to fail and take +appropriate action. This is due mainly to the fact that PKS may not be +available on all arch's. Failure to check the return of pks_key_alloc() and +using any of the rest of the API is undefined. + +Keys are allocated with 'No Access' permissions. If other permissions are +required before the pkey is used, the pks_mk*() family of calls, documented +below, can be used prior to setting the pkey within the page table entries. + +Kernel users must set the pkey in the page table entries for the mappings they +want to protect. This can be done with PAGE_KERNEL_PKEY() or _PAGE_KEY(). + +The pks_mk*() family of calls allows kernel users to change the protections for +the domain identified by the pkey parameter. 3 states are available: +pks_mk_noaccess(), pks_mk_readonly(), and pks_mk_readwrite() which set the +access to none, read, and read/write respectively. + +Finally, pks_key_free() allows a user to return the key to the allocator for +use by others. + +The interface maintains pks_mk_noaccess() (Access Disabled (AD=1)) for all keys +not currently allocated. Therefore, the user can depend on access being +disabled when pks_key_alloc() returns a key and the user should remove mappings +from the domain (remove the pkey from the PTE) prior to calling pks_key_free(). + +It should be noted that the underlying WRMSR(MSR_IA32_PKRS) is not serializing +but still maintains ordering properties similar to WRPKRU. Thus it is safe to +immediately use a mapping when the pks_mk*() functions return. + +Older versions of the SDM on PKRS may be wrong with regard to this +serialization. The text should be the same as that of WRPKRU. From the WRPKRU +text: + + WRPKRU will never execute transiently. Memory accesses + affected by PKRU register will not execute (even transiently) + until all prior executions of WRPKRU have completed execution + and updated the PKRU register. diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable_types.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable_types.h index f24d7ef8fffa..a3cb274351d9 100644 --- a/arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable_types.h +++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable_types.h @@ -73,6 +73,12 @@ _PAGE_PKEY_BIT2 | \ _PAGE_PKEY_BIT3)
+#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_ENABLE_SUPERVISOR_PKEYS +#define _PAGE_PKEY(pkey) (_AT(pteval_t, pkey) << _PAGE_BIT_PKEY_BIT0) +#else +#define _PAGE_PKEY(pkey) (_AT(pteval_t, 0)) +#endif + #if defined(CONFIG_X86_64) || defined(CONFIG_X86_PAE) #define _PAGE_KNL_ERRATUM_MASK (_PAGE_DIRTY | _PAGE_ACCESSED) #else @@ -228,6 +234,12 @@ enum page_cache_mode { #define PAGE_KERNEL_IO __pgprot_mask(__PAGE_KERNEL_IO) #define PAGE_KERNEL_IO_NOCACHE __pgprot_mask(__PAGE_KERNEL_IO_NOCACHE)
+#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_ENABLE_SUPERVISOR_PKEYS +#define PAGE_KERNEL_PKEY(pkey) __pgprot_mask(__PAGE_KERNEL | _PAGE_PKEY(pkey)) +#else +#define PAGE_KERNEL_PKEY(pkey) PAGE_KERNEL +#endif + #endif /* __ASSEMBLY__ */
/* xwr */ diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/pks.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/pks.h index 516d82f032b6..2fff4ac484b9 100644 --- a/arch/x86/include/asm/pks.h +++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/pks.h @@ -4,6 +4,10 @@
#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_ENABLE_SUPERVISOR_PKEYS
+/* PKS supports 16 keys. Key 0 is reserved for the kernel. */ +#define PKS_KERN_DEFAULT_KEY 0 +#define PKS_NUM_KEYS 16 + struct extended_pt_regs { u32 thread_pkrs; /* Keep stack 8 byte aligned */ diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/pkeys.c b/arch/x86/mm/pkeys.c index f6a3a54b8d7d..47d29707ac39 100644 --- a/arch/x86/mm/pkeys.c +++ b/arch/x86/mm/pkeys.c @@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ * Intel Memory Protection Keys management * Copyright (c) 2015, Intel Corporation. */ +#undef pr_fmt +#define pr_fmt(fmt) "x86/pkeys: " fmt + #include <linux/debugfs.h> /* debugfs_create_u32() */ #include <linux/mm_types.h> /* mm_struct, vma, etc... */ #include <linux/pkeys.h> /* PKEY_* */ @@ -11,6 +14,7 @@ #include <asm/cpufeature.h> /* boot_cpu_has, ... */ #include <asm/mmu_context.h> /* vma_pkey() */ #include <asm/fpu/internal.h> /* init_fpstate */ +#include <asm/pks.h>
int __execute_only_pkey(struct mm_struct *mm) { @@ -276,4 +280,135 @@ void setup_pks(void) cr4_set_bits(X86_CR4_PKS); }
-#endif +/* + * Do not call this directly, see pks_mk*() below. + * + * @pkey: Key for the domain to change + * @protection: protection bits to be used + * + * Protection utilizes the same protection bits specified for User pkeys + * PKEY_DISABLE_ACCESS + * PKEY_DISABLE_WRITE + * + */ +static inline void pks_update_protection(int pkey, unsigned long protection) +{ + current->thread.saved_pkrs = update_pkey_val(current->thread.saved_pkrs, + pkey, protection); + write_pkrs(current->thread.saved_pkrs); +} + +/** + * pks_mk_noaccess() - Disable all access to the domain + * @pkey the pkey for which the access should change. + * + * Disable all access to the domain specified by pkey. This is a global + * update and only affects the current running thread. + * + * It is a bug for users to call this without a valid pkey returned from + * pks_key_alloc() + */ +void pks_mk_noaccess(int pkey) +{ + pks_update_protection(pkey, PKEY_DISABLE_ACCESS); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pks_mk_noaccess); + +/** + * pks_mk_readonly() - Make the domain Read only + * @pkey the pkey for which the access should change. + * + * Allow read access to the domain specified by pkey. This is a global update + * and only affects the current running thread. + * + * It is a bug for users to call this without a valid pkey returned from + * pks_key_alloc() + */ +void pks_mk_readonly(int pkey) +{ + pks_update_protection(pkey, PKEY_DISABLE_WRITE); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pks_mk_readonly); + +/** + * pks_mk_readwrite() - Make the domain Read/Write + * @pkey the pkey for which the access should change. + * + * Allow all access, read and write, to the domain specified by pkey. This is + * a global update and only affects the current running thread. + * + * It is a bug for users to call this without a valid pkey returned from + * pks_key_alloc() + */ +void pks_mk_readwrite(int pkey) +{ + pks_update_protection(pkey, 0); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pks_mk_readwrite); + +static const char pks_key_user0[] = "kernel"; + +/* Store names of allocated keys for debug. Key 0 is reserved for the kernel. */ +static const char *pks_key_users[PKS_NUM_KEYS] = { + pks_key_user0 +}; + +/* + * Each key is represented by a bit. Bit 0 is set for key 0 and reserved for + * its use. We use ulong for the bit operations but only 16 bits are used. + */ +static unsigned long pks_key_allocation_map = 1 << PKS_KERN_DEFAULT_KEY; + +/** + * pks_key_alloc() - Allocate a PKS key + * @pkey_user: String stored for debugging of key exhaustion. The caller is + * responsible to maintain this memory until pks_key_free(). + * + * Return: pkey if success + * -EOPNOTSUPP if pks is not supported or not enabled + * -ENOSPC if no keys are available + */ +__must_check int pks_key_alloc(const char * const pkey_user) +{ + int nr; + + if (!cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_PKS)) + return -EOPNOTSUPP; + + while (1) { + nr = find_first_zero_bit(&pks_key_allocation_map, PKS_NUM_KEYS); + if (nr >= PKS_NUM_KEYS) { + pr_info("Cannot allocate supervisor key for %s.\n", + pkey_user); + return -ENOSPC; + } + if (!test_and_set_bit_lock(nr, &pks_key_allocation_map)) + break; + } + + /* for debugging key exhaustion */ + pks_key_users[nr] = pkey_user; + + return nr; +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pks_key_alloc); + +/** + * pks_key_free() - Free a previously allocate PKS key + * @pkey: Key to be free'ed + */ +void pks_key_free(int pkey) +{ + if (pkey >= PKS_NUM_KEYS || pkey <= PKS_KERN_DEFAULT_KEY) { + pr_err("Invalid PKey value: %d\n", pkey); + return; + } + + /* Restore to default of no access */ + pks_mk_noaccess(pkey); + pks_key_users[pkey] = NULL; + clear_bit_unlock(pkey, &pks_key_allocation_map); +} +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pks_key_free); + +#endif /* CONFIG_ARCH_ENABLE_SUPERVISOR_PKEYS */ diff --git a/include/linux/pgtable.h b/include/linux/pgtable.h index 5e772392a379..e189e9ab6904 100644 --- a/include/linux/pgtable.h +++ b/include/linux/pgtable.h @@ -1464,6 +1464,10 @@ static inline bool arch_has_pfn_modify_check(void) # define PAGE_KERNEL_EXEC PAGE_KERNEL #endif
+#ifndef PAGE_KERNEL_PKEY +#define PAGE_KERNEL_PKEY(pkey) PAGE_KERNEL +#endif + /* * Page Table Modification bits for pgtbl_mod_mask. * diff --git a/include/linux/pkeys.h b/include/linux/pkeys.h index a3d17a8e4e81..6659404af876 100644 --- a/include/linux/pkeys.h +++ b/include/linux/pkeys.h @@ -56,6 +56,13 @@ static inline void copy_init_pkru_to_fpregs(void) void pkrs_save_set_irq(struct pt_regs *regs, u32 val); void pkrs_restore_irq(struct pt_regs *regs);
+__must_check int pks_key_alloc(const char *const pkey_user); +void pks_key_free(int pkey); + +void pks_mk_noaccess(int pkey); +void pks_mk_readonly(int pkey); +void pks_mk_readwrite(int pkey); + #else /* !CONFIG_ARCH_ENABLE_SUPERVISOR_PKEYS */
#ifndef INIT_PKRS_VALUE @@ -65,6 +72,16 @@ void pkrs_restore_irq(struct pt_regs *regs); static inline void pkrs_save_set_irq(struct pt_regs *regs, u32 val) { } static inline void pkrs_restore_irq(struct pt_regs *regs) { }
+static inline __must_check int pks_key_alloc(const char * const pkey_user) +{ + return -EOPNOTSUPP; +} + +static inline void pks_key_free(int pkey) {} +static inline void pks_mk_noaccess(int pkey) {} +static inline void pks_mk_readonly(int pkey) {} +static inline void pks_mk_readwrite(int pkey) {} + #endif /* CONFIG_ARCH_ENABLE_SUPERVISOR_PKEYS */
#endif /* _LINUX_PKEYS_H */