Linaro-mm-sig July 2026

linaro-mm-sig@lists.linaro.org

95 participants
105 discussions

Wordle Unlimited Guide for Endless Word Puzzle Fun

by disastrous.heron.yxfs＠hidingmail.net

Introduction to Wordle Unlimited Experience Wordle Unlimited is a modern word puzzle game designed for players who enjoy continuous vocabulary challenges without daily limits. Unlike traditional word guessing games that restrict attempts to once per day, this version allows unlimited gameplay sessions. This creates an environment where learning, practice, and entertainment can happen at any time. https://wordleunlimitedgame.org/ The game has become popular among language learners, puzzle fans, and casual gamers because it combines simple rules with strategic thinking. Players must guess a hidden word within a set number of attempts, using feedback from each guess to improve accuracy. The unlimited format removes waiting time and allows repeated practice, making it suitable for skill development and relaxation. What Wordle Unlimited Means in Modern Gaming Wordle Unlimited refers to an expanded version of the original word guessing concept where users can play repeatedly without restriction. Each round generates a new hidden word, giving continuous opportunities to test vocabulary knowledge. This format is especially useful for users who want to improve language skills. Instead of waiting for a daily puzzle, players can engage in multiple rounds in one sitting. The structure remains consistent, which helps build familiarity and confidence over time. The game typically uses a grid system where each attempt reveals color coded feedback. Correct letters in correct positions, correct letters in wrong positions, and incorrect letters are all highlighted differently to guide future guesses. How to Play Wordle Unlimited Step by Step Playing Wordle Unlimited is straightforward and accessible for all skill levels. The objective is to identify the hidden word within a limited number of guesses. First, the player enters a starting word. This word is usually chosen to include common vowels and consonants to maximize information. After submission, the game provides feedback on each letter. Next, the player analyzes the feedback and adjusts the next guess accordingly. Letters that are correct and correctly placed should be kept in the same position. Letters that are correct but misplaced should be repositioned in the next attempt. Letters that are not part of the word should be avoided. This process continues until the correct word is discovered or attempts are exhausted. After each round, a new word is available immediately, allowing continuous play. Key Features That Define Wordle Unlimited Wordle Unlimited includes several features that make it appealing to a wide audience. One major feature is unlimited gameplay, which removes daily restrictions and supports continuous learning. Another important feature is instant feedback after each guess. This feedback system helps players improve logic and vocabulary skills quickly. It also encourages strategic thinking rather than random guessing. The game also maintains a simple interface, making it easy to understand for beginners. There are no complex controls or instructions, which allows users to focus entirely on word solving. Additionally, the game supports replayability. Each new round offers a different word challenge, which keeps the experience fresh and engaging over long periods. Effective Strategies for Better Results Success in Wordle Unlimited often depends on strategy rather than luck. One effective approach is starting with words that include multiple vowels and common consonants. This helps identify useful letters early in the game. Another strategy is pattern recognition. After receiving feedback, players should focus on common English word structures. Recognizing prefixes, suffixes, and common letter combinations can significantly improve guessing accuracy. It is also helpful to avoid repeating incorrect letters. Keeping track of eliminated letters reduces unnecessary guesses and increases efficiency. Advanced players often use logical elimination methods. By narrowing down possibilities step by step, they can solve puzzles in fewer attempts and improve overall performance. Benefits of Playing Wordle Unlimited Regularly Wordle Unlimited offers several cognitive and educational benefits. One major benefit is vocabulary improvement. Regular exposure to new words helps expand language knowledge over time. The game also enhances problem solving skills. Each round requires analysis, deduction, and logical thinking. These mental exercises contribute to sharper cognitive abilities. Another benefit is stress relief. The simple and repetitive structure of the game provides a relaxing experience that can help reduce mental fatigue. In addition, unlimited access allows flexible practice schedules. Players can engage for a few minutes or extended sessions depending on personal preference, making it suitable for different lifestyles. Why Wordle Unlimited Has Become So Popular The popularity of Wordle Unlimited comes from its balance of simplicity and challenge. It is easy to learn but difficult to master, which keeps users engaged. Social sharing also plays a role in its growth. Many players enjoy comparing results and discussing strategies with others, creating a sense of community around the game. The unlimited format is another key factor. Unlike limited daily puzzles, this version allows continuous engagement, which appeals to users who enjoy long gaming sessions. Its accessibility across devices also contributes to popularity. Players can enjoy the game on computers, tablets, or mobile devices without complicated setup processes. Conclusion on Wordle Unlimited Value Wordle Unlimited stands out as an engaging and educational word puzzle experience that combines entertainment with cognitive development. Its unlimited format allows continuous learning and practice, making it suitable for both beginners and advanced players. With simple rules, strategic depth, and instant feedback, the game provides a balanced experience that supports vocabulary growth and logical thinking. Whether used for relaxation or skill improvement, Wordle Unlimited remains a strong choice for anyone interested in word based challenges.

2 weeks, 1 day

[PATCH v1] i2c: qcom-geni: Add dynamic transfer timeout based on transfer length and frequency

by Aniket Randive

The driver uses a static XFER_TIMEOUT of HZ (1 second) for all transfers regardless of message length or bus frequency, causing unnecessary delays on error paths. Compute the timeout dynamically from message length and bus frequency with a 10x safety margin over the theoretical wire time and a 300ms floor. For GPI multi-descriptor transfers, use the maximum message length across all queued messages as the per-completion timeout. Signed-off-by: Aniket Randive <aniket.randive(a)oss.qualcomm.com> --- arch/arm64/configs/defconfig | 54 +++--------------------------- drivers/i2c/busses/i2c-qcom-geni.c | 37 +++++++++++++++----- 2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-) diff --git a/arch/arm64/configs/defconfig b/arch/arm64/configs/defconfig index faf146441f97..841108ae2d01 100644 --- a/arch/arm64/configs/defconfig +++ b/arch/arm64/configs/defconfig @@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ CONFIG_KALLSYMS_ALL=y CONFIG_PROFILING=y CONFIG_KEXEC=y CONFIG_KEXEC_FILE=y -CONFIG_CRASH_DUMP=y CONFIG_ARCH_ACTIONS=y CONFIG_ARCH_AIROHA=y CONFIG_ARCH_SUNXI=y @@ -123,10 +122,8 @@ CONFIG_ACPI_APEI_MEMORY_FAILURE=y CONFIG_ACPI_APEI_EINJ=y CONFIG_VIRTUALIZATION=y CONFIG_KVM=y -CONFIG_JUMP_LABEL=y CONFIG_MODULES=y CONFIG_MODULE_UNLOAD=y -CONFIG_IOSCHED_BFQ=y CONFIG_BLK_INLINE_ENCRYPTION=y # CONFIG_CORE_DUMP_DEFAULT_ELF_HEADERS is not set # CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK is not set @@ -137,19 +134,15 @@ CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE=y CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE=y CONFIG_NET=y CONFIG_PACKET=y -CONFIG_UNIX=y -CONFIG_INET=y CONFIG_IP_MULTICAST=y CONFIG_IP_PNP=y CONFIG_IP_PNP_DHCP=y CONFIG_IP_PNP_BOOTP=y -CONFIG_IPV6=y CONFIG_NETFILTER=y CONFIG_BRIDGE_NETFILTER=m CONFIG_NF_CONNTRACK=m CONFIG_NF_CONNTRACK_EVENTS=y CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_MARK=m -CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_TARGET_CHECKSUM=m CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_TARGET_LOG=m CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_MATCH_ADDRTYPE=m CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_MATCH_CONNTRACK=m @@ -198,7 +191,6 @@ CONFIG_BT_QCOMSMD=m CONFIG_BT_NXPUART=m CONFIG_CFG80211=m CONFIG_MAC80211=m -CONFIG_MAC80211_LEDS=y CONFIG_RFKILL=m CONFIG_RFKILL_GPIO=m CONFIG_NET_9P=m @@ -253,8 +245,6 @@ CONFIG_PCIE_LAYERSCAPE_GEN4=y CONFIG_PCI_ENDPOINT=y CONFIG_PCI_ENDPOINT_CONFIGFS=y CONFIG_PCI_EPF_TEST=m -CONFIG_PCI_PWRCTRL_GENERIC=m -CONFIG_POWER_SEQUENCING_PCIE_M2=m CONFIG_DEVTMPFS=y CONFIG_DEVTMPFS_MOUNT=y CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER=y @@ -262,9 +252,7 @@ CONFIG_HISILICON_LPC=y CONFIG_IMX_AIPSTZ=m CONFIG_TEGRA_ACONNECT=m CONFIG_MHI_BUS_PCI_GENERIC=m -CONFIG_ARM_SCMI_PROTOCOL=y CONFIG_ARM_SCPI_PROTOCOL=y -CONFIG_RASPBERRYPI_FIRMWARE=y CONFIG_INTEL_STRATIX10_SERVICE=y CONFIG_INTEL_STRATIX10_RSU=m CONFIG_MTK_ADSP_IPC=m @@ -303,7 +291,6 @@ CONFIG_MTD_SPI_NOR=y CONFIG_MTD_UBI=m CONFIG_MTD_HYPERBUS=m CONFIG_HBMC_AM654=m -CONFIG_OF_OVERLAY=y CONFIG_BLK_DEV_LOOP=y CONFIG_BLK_DEV_NBD=m CONFIG_VIRTIO_BLK=y @@ -336,7 +323,6 @@ CONFIG_AHCI_XGENE=y CONFIG_AHCI_QORIQ=y CONFIG_SATA_SIL24=y CONFIG_SATA_RCAR=y -CONFIG_PATA_PLATFORM=y CONFIG_PATA_OF_PLATFORM=y CONFIG_MD=y CONFIG_BLK_DEV_MD=m @@ -423,7 +409,6 @@ CONFIG_MLX5_CORE_EN=y # CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_NETRONOME is not set # CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_NVIDIA is not set # CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_OKI is not set -# CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_PACKET_ENGINES is not set # CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_QLOGIC is not set # CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_BROCADE is not set CONFIG_QCOM_EMAC=m @@ -629,7 +614,7 @@ CONFIG_I2C_OWL=y CONFIG_I2C_APPLE=m CONFIG_I2C_PXA=y CONFIG_I2C_QCOM_CCI=m -CONFIG_I2C_QCOM_GENI=m +CONFIG_I2C_QCOM_GENI=y CONFIG_I2C_QUP=y CONFIG_I2C_RIIC=y CONFIG_I2C_RK3X=y @@ -749,6 +734,7 @@ CONFIG_POWER_RESET_SYSCON=y CONFIG_POWER_RESET_SYSCON_POWEROFF=y CONFIG_SYSCON_REBOOT_MODE=y CONFIG_NVMEM_REBOOT_MODE=m +CONFIG_POWER_SEQUENCING_PCIE_M2=m CONFIG_BATTERY_QCOM_BATTMGR=m CONFIG_BATTERY_SBS=m CONFIG_BATTERY_BQ27XXX=y @@ -787,7 +773,6 @@ CONFIG_MTK_LVTS_THERMAL=m CONFIG_BCM2711_THERMAL=m CONFIG_BCM2835_THERMAL=m CONFIG_BRCMSTB_THERMAL=m -CONFIG_EXYNOS_THERMAL=y CONFIG_RCAR_THERMAL=y CONFIG_RCAR_GEN3_THERMAL=y CONFIG_RZG2L_THERMAL=y @@ -959,7 +944,6 @@ CONFIG_DRM=m CONFIG_DRM_HDLCD=m CONFIG_DRM_MALI_DISPLAY=m CONFIG_DRM_KOMEDA=m -CONFIG_DRM_DISPLAY_CONNECTOR=m CONFIG_DRM_FSL_LDB=m CONFIG_DRM_I2C_NXP_TDA998X=m CONFIG_DRM_ITE_IT6263=m @@ -1057,15 +1041,12 @@ CONFIG_DRM_ZYNQMP_DPSUB=m CONFIG_DRM_ZYNQMP_DPSUB_AUDIO=y CONFIG_FB=y CONFIG_FB_EFI=y -CONFIG_FB_MODE_HELPERS=y CONFIG_BACKLIGHT_PWM=m CONFIG_BACKLIGHT_APPLE_DWI=m CONFIG_BACKLIGHT_QCOM_WLED=m CONFIG_BACKLIGHT_LP855X=m CONFIG_BACKLIGHT_GPIO=m CONFIG_LOGO=y -# CONFIG_LOGO_LINUX_MONO is not set -# CONFIG_LOGO_LINUX_VGA16 is not set CONFIG_SOUND=m CONFIG_SND=m CONFIG_SND_ALOOP=m @@ -1180,8 +1161,6 @@ CONFIG_SND_SOC_WSA884X=m CONFIG_SND_SOC_NAU8822=m CONFIG_SND_SOC_LPASS_WSA_MACRO=m CONFIG_SND_SOC_LPASS_VA_MACRO=m -CONFIG_SND_SOC_LPASS_RX_MACRO=m -CONFIG_SND_SOC_LPASS_TX_MACRO=m CONFIG_SND_SIMPLE_CARD=m CONFIG_SND_AUDIO_GRAPH_CARD=m CONFIG_SND_AUDIO_GRAPH_CARD2=m @@ -1209,8 +1188,8 @@ CONFIG_USB_ACM=m CONFIG_USB_STORAGE=y CONFIG_USB_CDNS_SUPPORT=m CONFIG_USB_CDNS3=m -CONFIG_USB_CDNS3_GADGET=y CONFIG_USB_CDNS3_HOST=y +CONFIG_USB_CDNS3_GADGET=y CONFIG_USB_MTU3=y CONFIG_USB_MUSB_HDRC=y CONFIG_USB_MUSB_SUNXI=y @@ -1311,7 +1290,6 @@ CONFIG_SCSI_UFS_RENESAS=m CONFIG_SCSI_UFS_TI_J721E=m CONFIG_SCSI_UFS_EXYNOS=y CONFIG_SCSI_UFS_ROCKCHIP=y -CONFIG_NEW_LEDS=y CONFIG_LEDS_CLASS=y CONFIG_LEDS_CLASS_FLASH=m CONFIG_LEDS_CLASS_MULTICOLOR=m @@ -1430,7 +1408,6 @@ CONFIG_EC_LENOVO_YOGA_C630=m CONFIG_EC_LENOVO_THINKPAD_T14S=m CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_APPLE_NCO=m CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_RK808=y -CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_SCMI=y CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_SCPI=y CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_CS2000_CP=y CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_FSL_SAI=y @@ -1450,18 +1427,6 @@ CONFIG_CLK_IMX8ULP=y CONFIG_CLK_IMX93=y CONFIG_CLK_IMX95_BLK_CTL=y CONFIG_TI_SCI_CLK=y -CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_MT8192_AUDSYS=y -CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_MT8192_CAMSYS=y -CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_MT8192_IMGSYS=y -CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_MT8192_IMP_IIC_WRAP=y -CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_MT8192_IPESYS=y -CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_MT8192_MDPSYS=y -CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_MT8192_MFGCFG=y -CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_MT8192_MMSYS=y -CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_MT8192_MSDC=y -CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_MT8192_SCP_ADSP=y -CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_MT8192_VDECSYS=y -CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_MT8192_VENCSYS=y CONFIG_COMMON_CLK_QCOM=y CONFIG_CLK_ELIZA_DISPCC=m CONFIG_CLK_ELIZA_GCC=y @@ -1670,7 +1635,6 @@ CONFIG_IMX_SCU_PD=y CONFIG_QCOM_CPR=y CONFIG_QCOM_RPMHPD=y CONFIG_QCOM_RPMPD=y -CONFIG_ROCKCHIP_PM_DOMAINS=y CONFIG_TI_SCI_PM_DOMAINS=y CONFIG_ARM_IMX_BUS_DEVFREQ=y CONFIG_ARM_IMX8M_DDRC_DEVFREQ=m @@ -1799,9 +1763,9 @@ CONFIG_PHY_SAMSUNG_UFS=y CONFIG_PHY_UNIPHIER_USB2=y CONFIG_PHY_UNIPHIER_USB3=y CONFIG_PHY_TEGRA_XUSB=y +CONFIG_OMAP_USB2=m CONFIG_PHY_AM654_SERDES=m CONFIG_PHY_J721E_WIZ=m -CONFIG_OMAP_USB2=m CONFIG_PHY_XILINX_ZYNQMP=m CONFIG_ARM_CCI_PMU=m CONFIG_ARM_CCN=m @@ -1852,10 +1816,7 @@ CONFIG_OPTEE=y CONFIG_QCOMTEE=m CONFIG_MUX_GPIO=m CONFIG_MUX_MMIO=y -CONFIG_SLIMBUS=m -CONFIG_SLIM_QCOM_CTRL=m CONFIG_SLIM_QCOM_NGD_CTRL=m -CONFIG_INTERCONNECT=y CONFIG_INTERCONNECT_IMX=y CONFIG_INTERCONNECT_IMX8MM=m CONFIG_INTERCONNECT_IMX8MN=m @@ -1914,14 +1875,12 @@ CONFIG_OVERLAY_FS=m CONFIG_VFAT_FS=y CONFIG_TMPFS_POSIX_ACL=y CONFIG_HUGETLBFS=y -CONFIG_CONFIGFS_FS=y CONFIG_EFIVAR_FS=y CONFIG_UBIFS_FS=m CONFIG_SQUASHFS=y CONFIG_PSTORE_RAM=m CONFIG_NFS_FS=y CONFIG_NFS_V4=y -CONFIG_NFS_V4_1=y CONFIG_NFS_V4_2=y CONFIG_ROOT_NFS=y CONFIG_9P_FS=m @@ -1932,11 +1891,8 @@ CONFIG_CRYPTO_USER=y CONFIG_CRYPTO_BENCHMARK=m CONFIG_CRYPTO_CHACHA20=m CONFIG_CRYPTO_ECHAINIV=y -CONFIG_CRYPTO_SHA3=m -CONFIG_CRYPTO_SM3=m CONFIG_CRYPTO_USER_API_RNG=m CONFIG_CRYPTO_GHASH_ARM64_CE=y -CONFIG_CRYPTO_AES_ARM64_CE_BLK=y CONFIG_CRYPTO_AES_ARM64_BS=m CONFIG_CRYPTO_AES_ARM64_CE_CCM=y CONFIG_CRYPTO_DEV_SUN8I_CE=m @@ -1960,8 +1916,6 @@ CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_DWARF_TOOLCHAIN_DEFAULT=y CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_REDUCED=y CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ=y CONFIG_DEBUG_FS=y -# CONFIG_SCHED_DEBUG is not set -# CONFIG_DEBUG_PREEMPT is not set # CONFIG_FTRACE is not set CONFIG_CORESIGHT=m CONFIG_CORESIGHT_LINK_AND_SINK_TMC=m diff --git a/drivers/i2c/busses/i2c-qcom-geni.c b/drivers/i2c/busses/i2c-qcom-geni.c index 96dbf04138be..43ae2121f01c 100644 --- a/drivers/i2c/busses/i2c-qcom-geni.c +++ b/drivers/i2c/busses/i2c-qcom-geni.c @@ -74,9 +74,12 @@ enum geni_i2c_err_code { #define PACKING_BYTES_PW 4 #define ABORT_TIMEOUT HZ -#define XFER_TIMEOUT HZ #define RST_TIMEOUT HZ +/* 9 bits per byte (8 data + 1 ACK), 10x safety margin, 300ms floor */ +#define I2C_TIMEOUT_SAFETY_COEFFICIENT 10 +#define I2C_TIMEOUT_MIN_USEC 300000 + struct geni_i2c_desc { bool no_dma_support; unsigned int tx_fifo_depth; @@ -204,6 +207,16 @@ static int geni_i2c_clk_map_idx(struct geni_i2c_dev *gi2c) return -EINVAL; } +static unsigned long geni_i2c_xfer_timeout(struct geni_i2c_dev *gi2c, size_t len) +{ + size_t bit_cnt = len * 9; + size_t bit_usec = (bit_cnt * USEC_PER_SEC) / gi2c->clk_freq_out; + size_t xfer_max_usec = (bit_usec * I2C_TIMEOUT_SAFETY_COEFFICIENT) + + I2C_TIMEOUT_MIN_USEC; + + return usecs_to_jiffies(xfer_max_usec); +} + static int qcom_geni_i2c_conf(struct geni_se *se, unsigned long freq) { struct geni_i2c_dev *gi2c = dev_get_drvdata(se->dev); @@ -471,7 +484,7 @@ static int geni_i2c_rx_one_msg(struct geni_i2c_dev *gi2c, struct i2c_msg *msg, } cur = gi2c->cur; - time_left = wait_for_completion_timeout(&gi2c->done, XFER_TIMEOUT); + time_left = wait_for_completion_timeout(&gi2c->done, geni_i2c_xfer_timeout(gi2c, len)); if (!time_left) geni_i2c_abort_xfer(gi2c); @@ -513,7 +526,7 @@ static int geni_i2c_tx_one_msg(struct geni_i2c_dev *gi2c, struct i2c_msg *msg, writel_relaxed(1, se->base + SE_GENI_TX_WATERMARK_REG); cur = gi2c->cur; - time_left = wait_for_completion_timeout(&gi2c->done, XFER_TIMEOUT); + time_left = wait_for_completion_timeout(&gi2c->done, geni_i2c_xfer_timeout(gi2c, len)); if (!time_left) geni_i2c_abort_xfer(gi2c); @@ -591,7 +604,7 @@ static void geni_i2c_gpi_multi_desc_unmap(struct geni_i2c_dev *gi2c, struct i2c_ * geni_i2c_gpi_multi_xfer_timeout_handler() - Handles multi message transfer timeout * @dev: Pointer to the corresponding dev node * @multi_xfer: Pointer to the geni_i2c_gpi_multi_desc_xfer - * @transfer_timeout_msecs: Timeout value in milliseconds + * @transfer_timeout_msecs: Per-message completion timeout in jiffies * @transfer_comp: Completion object of the transfer * * This function waits for the completion of each processed transfer messages @@ -601,7 +614,7 @@ static void geni_i2c_gpi_multi_desc_unmap(struct geni_i2c_dev *gi2c, struct i2c_ */ static int geni_i2c_gpi_multi_xfer_timeout_handler(struct device *dev, struct geni_i2c_gpi_multi_desc_xfer *multi_xfer, - u32 transfer_timeout_msecs, + unsigned long timeout_jiffies, struct completion *transfer_comp) { int i; @@ -612,7 +625,7 @@ static int geni_i2c_gpi_multi_xfer_timeout_handler(struct device *dev, if (multi_xfer->msg_idx_cnt != multi_xfer->irq_cnt) { time_left = wait_for_completion_timeout(transfer_comp, - transfer_timeout_msecs); + timeout_jiffies); if (!time_left) { dev_err(dev, "%s: Transfer timeout\n", __func__); return -ETIMEDOUT; @@ -736,8 +749,15 @@ static int geni_i2c_gpi(struct geni_i2c_dev *gi2c, struct i2c_msg msgs[], dma_async_issue_pending(gi2c->tx_c); if ((msg_idx == (gi2c->num_msgs - 1)) || flags & DMA_PREP_INTERRUPT) { + size_t max_len = 0; + int j; + + for (j = 0; j < gi2c->num_msgs; j++) + max_len = max_t(size_t, max_len, msgs[j].len); + ret = geni_i2c_gpi_multi_xfer_timeout_handler(gi2c->se.dev, gi2c_gpi_xfer, - XFER_TIMEOUT, &gi2c->done); + geni_i2c_xfer_timeout( + gi2c, max_len), &gi2c->done); if (ret) { dev_err(gi2c->se.dev, "I2C multi write msg transfer timeout: %d\n", @@ -852,7 +872,8 @@ static int geni_i2c_gpi_xfer(struct geni_i2c_dev *gi2c, struct i2c_msg msgs[], i if (!gi2c->is_tx_multi_desc_xfer) { dma_async_issue_pending(gi2c->tx_c); - time_left = wait_for_completion_timeout(&gi2c->done, XFER_TIMEOUT); + time_left = wait_for_completion_timeout(&gi2c->done, geni_i2c_xfer_timeout( + gi2c, msgs[i].len)); if (!time_left) { dev_err(gi2c->se.dev, "%s:I2C timeout\n", __func__); gi2c->err = -ETIMEDOUT; -- 2.34.1

2 weeks, 2 days

What's Wave Rider game?

by Leo Enda

Wave Rider surprised me more than I expected. The game looks simple at first, but once the speed increases and the waves become unstable, every run starts feeling intense. Unlike many endless runner games that rely only on fast movement, Wave Rider creates pressure through unpredictable water physics and constantly changing obstacle patterns. Play Wave Rider online at https://wave-rider.io The gameplay is built around survival. Your board moves forward automatically while you focus on steering through dangerous sections of water. Floating barriers, underwater mines, sharp turns, and narrow lanes appear quickly, forcing players to react within seconds. What I liked most is how the game balances smooth surfing movement with sudden moments of chaos. Sometimes the water feels calm, then everything changes when multiple obstacles appear together. Wave Rider also rewards risky decisions. Pearls are often hidden near dangerous routes, making players choose between safe movement and higher scores. I found myself taking bigger risks after every run just to see how far I could push the distance counter. The durability system adds even more tension because repeated small crashes slowly reduce your chance of surviving longer sessions. Game Controls Left Arrow / A: Move left Right Arrow / D: Move right Spacebar or Up Arrow: Jump or glide over obstacles The controls are easy to learn, but mastering the timing takes practice. Quick reactions help, but smooth movement and patience usually lead to better runs. Players who panic and change direction too aggressively often crash faster than expected. Overall, Wave Rider feels like a solid arcade experience for anyone who enjoys reaction-based gameplay. The combination of flowing water, rising speed, and nonstop danger makes every session feel fresh and competitive.

2 weeks, 2 days

[PATCH v18 00/42] DEPT(DEPendency Tracker)

by Byungchul Park

I'm happy to see that DEPT reported real problems in practice: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/6383cde5-cf4b-facf-6e07-1378a485657d@I-love.SA… https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/1674268856-31807-1-git-send-email-byungchul.pa… https://lore.kernel.org/all/b6e00e77-4a8c-4e05-ab79-266bf05fcc2d@igalia.com/ I’ve added documentation describing DEPT — this should help you understand what DEPT is and how it works. You can use DEPT simply by enabling CONFIG_DEPT and checking dmesg at runtime. --- Hi Linus and folks, I’ve been developing a tool to detect deadlock possibilities by tracking waits/events — rather than lock acquisition order — to cover all the synchronization mechanisms. To summarize the design rationale, starting from the problem statement, through analysis, to the solution: CURRENT STATUS -------------- Lockdep tracks lock acquisition order to identify deadlock conditions. Additionally, it tracks IRQ state changes — via {en,dis}able — to detect cases where locks are acquired unintentionally during interrupt handling. PROBLEM ------- Waits and their associated events that are never reachable can eventually lead to deadlocks. However, since Lockdep focuses solely on lock acquisition order, it has inherent limitations when handling waits and events. Moreover, by tracking only lock acquisition order, Lockdep cannot properly handle read locks or cross-event scenarios — such as wait_for_completion() and complete() — making it increasingly inadequate as a general-purpose deadlock detection tool. SOLUTION -------- Once again, waits and their associated events that are never reachable can eventually lead to deadlocks. The new solution, DEPT, focuses directly on waits and events. DEPT monitors waits and events, and reports them when any become unreachable. DEPT provides: * Correct handling of read locks. * Support for general waits and events. * Continuous operation, even after multiple reports. * Simple, intuitive annotation APIs. There are still false positives, and some are already being worked on for suppression. Especially splitting the folio class into several appropriate classes e.g. block device mapping class and regular file mapping class, is currently under active development by me and Yeoreum Yun. Anyway, these efforts will need to continue for a while, as we’ve seen with lockdep over two decades. DEPT is tagged as EXPERIMENTAL in Kconfig — meaning it’s not yet suitable for use as an automation tool. However, for those who are interested in using DEPT to analyze complex synchronization patterns and extract dependency insights, DEPT would be a great tool for the purpose. Thanks for your support and contributions to: Harry Yoo <harry.yoo(a)oracle.com> Gwan-gyeong Mun <gwan-gyeong.mun(a)intel.com> Yunseong Kim <ysk(a)kzalloc.com> Yeoreum Yun <yeoreum.yun(a)arm.com> FAQ --- Q. Is this the first attempt to solve this problem? A. No. The cross-release feature (commit b09be676e0ff2) attempted to address it — as a Lockdep extension. It was merged, but quickly reverted, because: While it uncovered valuable hidden issues, it also introduced false positives. Since these false positives mask further real problems with Lockdep — and developers strongly dislike them — the feature was rolled back. Q. Why wasn’t DEPT built as a Lockdep extension? A. Lockdep is the result of years of work by kernel developers — and is now very stable. But I chose to build DEPT separately, because: While reusing BFS(Breadth First Search) and Lockdep’s hashing is beneficial, the rest of the system must be rebuilt from scratch to align with DEPT’s wait-event model — since Lockdep was originally designed for tracking lock acquisition orders, not wait-event dependencies. Q. Do you plan to replace Lockdep entirely? A. Not at all — Lockdep still plays a vital role in validating correct lock usage. While its dependency-checking logic should eventually be superseded by DEPT, the rest of its functionality should stay. Q. Should we replace the dependency check immediately? A. Absolutely not. Lockdep’s stability is the result of years of hard work by kernel developers. Lockdep and DEPT should run side by side until DEPT matures. Q. Stronger detection often leads to more false positives — which was a major pain point when cross-release was added. Is DEPT designed to handle this? A. Yes. DEPT’s simple, generalized design enables flexible reporting — so while false positives still need fixing, they’re far less disruptive than they were under the Lockdep extension, cross-release. Q. Why not fix all false positives out-of-tree before merging? A. Since the affected subsystems span the entire kernel, like Lockdep, which has relied on annotations to avoid false positives over the last two decades, DEPT too will require the annotation efforts. Performing annotation work within the mainline will help us add annotations more appropriately and will also make DEPT a useful tool for a wider range of users more quickly. CONFIG_DEPT is marked EXPERIMENTAL, so it’s opt-in. Some users are already interested in using DEPT to analyze complex synchronization patterns and extract dependency insights. Byungchul --- Changes from v17: 1. Rebase on the mainline as of 2025 Dec 5. 2. Convert the documents' format from txt to rst. (feedbacked by Jonathan Corbet and Bagas Sanjaya) 3. Move the documents from 'Documentation/dependency' to 'Documentation/dev-tools'. (feedbakced by Jonathan Corbet) 4. Improve the documentation. (feedbacked by NeilBrown) 5. Use a common function, enter_from_user_mode(), instead of arch specific code, to notice context switch from user mode. (feedbacked by Dave Hansen, Mark Rutland, and Mark Brown) 6. Resolve the header dependency issue by using dept's internal header, instead of relocating 'struct llist_{head,node}' to another header. (feedbacked by Greg KH) 7. Improve page(or folio) usage type APIs. 8. Add rust helper for wait_for_completion(). (feedbacked by Guangbo Cui, Boqun Feng, and Danilo Krummrich) 9. Refine some commit messages. Changes from v16: 1. Rebase on v6.17. 2. Fix a false positive from rcu (by Yunseong Kim) 3. Introduce APIs to set page's usage, dept_set_page_usage() and dept_reset_page_usage() to avoid false positives. 4. Consider lock_page() as a potential wait unconditionally. 5. Consider folio_lock_killable() as a potential wait unconditionally. 6. Add support for tracking PG_writeback waits and events. 7. Fix two build errors due to the additional debug information added by dept. (by Yunseong Kim) Changes from v15: 1. Fix typo and improve comments and commit messages (feedbacked by ALOK TIWARI, Waiman Long, and kernel test robot). 2. Do not stop dept on detection of cicular dependency of recover event, allowing to keep reporting. 3. Add SK hynix to copyright. 4. Consider folio_lock() as a potential wait unconditionally. 5. Fix Kconfig dependency bug (feedbacked by kernel test rebot). 6. Do not suppress reports that involve classes even that have already involved in other reports, allowing to keep reporting. Changes from v14: 1. Rebase on the current latest, v6.15-rc6. 2. Refactor dept code. 3. With multi event sites for a single wait, even if an event forms a circular dependency, the event can be recovered by other event(or wake up) paths. Even though informing the circular dependency is worthy but it should be suppressed once informing it, if it doesn't lead an actual deadlock. So introduce APIs to annotate the relationship between event site and recover site, that are, event_site() and dept_recover_event(). 4. wait_for_completion() worked with dept map embedded in struct completion. However, it generates a few false positves since all the waits using the instance of struct completion, share the map and key. To avoid the false positves, make it not to share the map and key but each wait_for_completion() caller have its own key by default. Of course, external maps also can be used if needed. 5. Fix a bug about hardirq on/off tracing. 6. Implement basic unit test for dept. 7. Add more supports for dma fence synchronization. 8. Add emergency stop of dept e.g. on panic(). 9. Fix false positives by mmu_notifier_invalidate_*(). 10. Fix recursive call bug by DEPT_WARN_*() and DEPT_STOP(). 11. Fix trivial bugs in DEPT_WARN_*() and DEPT_STOP(). 12. Fix a bug that a spin lock, dept_pool_spin, is used in both contexts of irq disabled and enabled without irq disabled. 13. Suppress reports with classes, any of that already have been reported, even though they have different chains but being barely meaningful. 14. Print stacktrace of the wait that an event is now waking up, not only stacktrace of the event. 15. Make dept aware of lockdep_cmp_fn() that is used to avoid false positives in lockdep so that dept can also avoid them. 16. Do do_event() only if there are no ecxts have been delimited. 17. Fix a bug that was not synchronized for stage_m in struct dept_task, using a spin lock, dept_task()->stage_lock. 18. Fix a bug that dept didn't handle the case that multiple ttwus for a single waiter can be called at the same time e.i. a race issue. 19. Distinguish each kernel context from others, not only by system call but also by user oriented fault so that dept can work with more accuracy information about kernel context. That helps to avoid a few false positives. 20. Limit dept's working to x86_64 and arm64. Changes from v13: 1. Rebase on the current latest version, v6.9-rc7. 2. Add 'dept' documentation describing dept APIs. Changes from v12: 1. Refine the whole document for dept. 2. Add 'Interpret dept report' section in the document, using a deadlock report obtained in practice. Hope this version of document helps guys understand dept better. https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/6383cde5-cf4b-facf-6e07-1378a485657d@I-love.SA… https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/1674268856-31807-1-git-send-email-byungchul.pa… Changes from v11: 1. Add 'dept' documentation describing the concept of dept. 2. Rewrite the commit messages of the following commits for using weaker lockdep annotation, for better description. fs/jbd2: Use a weaker annotation in journal handling cpu/hotplug: Use a weaker annotation in AP thread (feedbacked by Thomas Gleixner) Changes from v10: 1. Fix noinstr warning when building kernel source. 2. dept has been reporting some false positives due to the folio lock's unfairness. Reflect it and make dept work based on dept annotaions instead of just wait and wake up primitives. 3. Remove the support for PG_writeback while working on 2. I will add the support later if needed. 4. dept didn't print stacktrace for [S] if the participant of a deadlock is not lock mechanism but general wait and event. However, it made hard to interpret the report in that case. So add support to print stacktrace of the requestor who asked the event context to run - usually a waiter of the event does it just before going to wait state. 5. Give up tracking raw_local_irq_{disable,enable}() since it totally messed up dept's irq tracking. So make it work in the same way as lockdep does. I will consider it once any false positives by those are observed again. 6. Change the manual rwsem_acquire_read(->j_trans_commit_map) annotation in fs/jbd2/transaction.c to the try version so that it works as much as it exactly needs. 7. Remove unnecessary 'inline' keyword in dept.c and add '__maybe_unused' to a needed place. Changes from v9: 1. Fix a bug. SDT tracking didn't work well because of my big mistake that I should've used waiter's map to indentify its class but it had been working with waker's one. FYI, PG_locked and PG_writeback weren't affected. They still worked well. (reported by YoungJun) Changes from v8: 1. Fix build error by adding EXPORT_SYMBOL(PG_locked_map) and EXPORT_SYMBOL(PG_writeback_map) for kernel module build - appologize for that. (reported by kernel test robot) 2. Fix build error by removing header file's circular dependency that was caused by "atomic.h", "kernel.h" and "irqflags.h", which I introduced - appolgize for that. (reported by kernel test robot) Changes from v7: 1. Fix a bug that cannot track rwlock dependency properly, introduced in v7. (reported by Boqun and lockdep selftest) 2. Track wait/event of PG_{locked,writeback} more aggressively assuming that when a bit of PG_{locked,writeback} is cleared there might be waits on the bit. (reported by Linus, Hillf and syzbot) 3. Fix and clean bad style code e.i. unnecessarily introduced a randome pattern and so on. (pointed out by Linux) 4. Clean code for applying dept to wait_for_completion(). Changes from v6: 1. Tie to task scheduler code to track sleep and try_to_wake_up() assuming sleeps cause waits, try_to_wake_up()s would be the events that those are waiting for, of course with proper dept annotations, sdt_might_sleep_weak(), sdt_might_sleep_strong() and so on. For these cases, class is classified at sleep entrance rather than the synchronization initialization code. Which would extremely reduce false alarms. 2. Remove the dept associated instance in each page struct for tracking dependencies by PG_locked and PG_writeback thanks to the 1. work above. 3. Introduce CONFIG_dept_AGGRESIVE_TIMEOUT_WAIT to suppress reports that waits with timeout set are involved, for those who don't like verbose reporting. 4. Add a mechanism to refill the internal memory pools on running out so that dept could keep working as long as free memory is available in the system. 5. Re-enable tracking hashed-waitqueue wait. That's going to no longer generate false positives because class is classified at sleep entrance rather than the waitqueue initailization. 6. Refactor to make it easier to port onto each new version of the kernel. 7. Apply dept to dma fence. 8. Do trivial optimizaitions. Changes from v5: 1. Use just pr_warn_once() rather than WARN_ONCE() on the lack of internal resources because WARN_*() printing stacktrace is too much for informing the lack. (feedback from Ted, Hyeonggon) 2. Fix trivial bugs like missing initializing a struct before using it. 3. Assign a different class per task when handling onstack variables for waitqueue or the like. Which makes dept distinguish between onstack variables of different tasks so as to prevent false positives. (reported by Hyeonggon) 4. Make dept aware of even raw_local_irq_*() to prevent false positives. (reported by Hyeonggon) 5. Don't consider dependencies between the events that might be triggered within __schedule() and the waits that requires __schedule(), real ones. (reported by Hyeonggon) 6. Unstage the staged wait that has prepare_to_wait_event()'ed *and* yet to get to __schedule(), if we encounter __schedule() in-between for another sleep, which is possible if e.g. a mutex_lock() exists in 'condition' of ___wait_event(). 7. Turn on CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING when CONFIG_DEPT is on, to rely on the hardirq and softirq entrance tracing to make dept more portable for now. Changes from v4: 1. Fix some bugs that produce false alarms. 2. Distinguish each syscall context from another *for arm64*. 3. Make it not warn it but just print it in case dept ring buffer gets exhausted. (feedback from Hyeonggon) 4. Explicitely describe "EXPERIMENTAL" and "dept might produce false positive reports" in Kconfig. (feedback from Ted) Changes from v3: 1. dept shouldn't create dependencies between different depths of a class that were indicated by *_lock_nested(). dept normally doesn't but it does once another lock class comes in. So fixed it. (feedback from Hyeonggon) 2. dept considered a wait as a real wait once getting to __schedule() even if it has been set to TASK_RUNNING by wake up sources in advance. Fixed it so that dept doesn't consider the case as a real wait. (feedback from Jan Kara) 3. Stop tracking dependencies with a map once the event associated with the map has been handled. dept will start to work with the map again, on the next sleep. Changes from v2: 1. Disable dept on bit_wait_table[] in sched/wait_bit.c reporting a lot of false positives, which is my fault. Wait/event for bit_wait_table[] should've been tagged in a higher layer for better work, which is a future work. (feedback from Jan Kara) 2. Disable dept on crypto_larval's completion to prevent a false positive. Changes from v1: 1. Fix coding style and typo. (feedback from Steven) 2. Distinguish each work context from another in workqueue. 3. Skip checking lock acquisition with nest_lock, which is about correct lock usage that should be checked by lockdep. Changes from RFC(v0): 1. Prevent adding a wait tag at prepare_to_wait() but __schedule(). (feedback from Linus and Matthew) 2. Use try version at lockdep_acquire_cpus_lock() annotation. 3. Distinguish each syscall context from another. Byungchul Park (41): dept: implement DEPT(DEPendency Tracker) dept: add single event dependency tracker APIs dept: add lock dependency tracker APIs dept: tie to lockdep and IRQ tracing dept: add proc knobs to show stats and dependency graph dept: distinguish each kernel context from another dept: distinguish each work from another dept: add a mechanism to refill the internal memory pools on running out dept: record the latest one out of consecutive waits of the same class dept: apply sdt_might_sleep_{start,end}() to wait_for_completion()/complete() dept: apply sdt_might_sleep_{start,end}() to swait dept: apply sdt_might_sleep_{start,end}() to waitqueue wait dept: apply sdt_might_sleep_{start,end}() to hashed-waitqueue wait dept: apply sdt_might_sleep_{start,end}() to dma fence dept: track timeout waits separately with a new Kconfig dept: apply timeout consideration to wait_for_completion()/complete() dept: apply timeout consideration to swait dept: apply timeout consideration to waitqueue wait dept: apply timeout consideration to hashed-waitqueue wait dept: apply timeout consideration to dma fence wait dept: make dept able to work with an external wgen dept: track PG_locked with dept dept: print staged wait's stacktrace on report locking/lockdep: prevent various lockdep assertions when lockdep_off()'ed dept: add documents for dept cpu/hotplug: use a weaker annotation in AP thread dept: assign dept map to mmu notifier invalidation synchronization dept: assign unique dept_key to each distinct dma fence caller dept: make dept aware of lockdep_set_lock_cmp_fn() annotation dept: make dept stop from working on debug_locks_off() dept: assign unique dept_key to each distinct wait_for_completion() caller completion, dept: introduce init_completion_dmap() API dept: introduce a new type of dependency tracking between multi event sites dept: add module support for struct dept_event_site and dept_event_site_dep dept: introduce event_site() to disable event tracking if it's recoverable dept: implement a basic unit test for dept dept: call dept_hardirqs_off() in local_irq_*() regardless of irq state dept: introduce APIs to set page usage and use subclasses_evt for the usage dept: track PG_writeback with dept SUNRPC: relocate struct rcu_head to the first field of struct rpc_xprt mm: percpu: increase PERCPU_DYNAMIC_SIZE_SHIFT on DEPT and large PAGE_SIZE Yunseong Kim (1): rcu/update: fix same dept key collision between various types of RCU Documentation/dev-tools/dept.rst | 778 ++++++ Documentation/dev-tools/dept_api.rst | 125 + drivers/dma-buf/dma-fence.c | 23 +- include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h | 13 +- include/linux/completion.h | 124 +- include/linux/dept.h | 402 +++ include/linux/dept_ldt.h | 78 + include/linux/dept_sdt.h | 68 + include/linux/dept_unit_test.h | 67 + include/linux/dma-fence.h | 74 +- include/linux/hardirq.h | 3 + include/linux/irq-entry-common.h | 4 + include/linux/irqflags.h | 21 +- include/linux/local_lock_internal.h | 1 + include/linux/lockdep.h | 105 +- include/linux/lockdep_types.h | 3 + include/linux/mm_types.h | 4 + include/linux/mmu_notifier.h | 26 + include/linux/module.h | 5 + include/linux/mutex.h | 1 + include/linux/page-flags.h | 217 +- include/linux/pagemap.h | 37 +- include/linux/percpu-rwsem.h | 2 +- include/linux/percpu.h | 4 + include/linux/rcupdate_wait.h | 13 +- include/linux/rtmutex.h | 1 + include/linux/rwlock_types.h | 1 + include/linux/rwsem.h | 1 + include/linux/sched.h | 118 + include/linux/seqlock.h | 2 +- include/linux/spinlock_types_raw.h | 3 + include/linux/srcu.h | 2 +- include/linux/sunrpc/xprt.h | 9 +- include/linux/swait.h | 3 + include/linux/wait.h | 3 + include/linux/wait_bit.h | 3 + init/init_task.c | 2 + init/main.c | 2 + kernel/Makefile | 1 + kernel/cpu.c | 2 +- kernel/dependency/Makefile | 5 + kernel/dependency/dept.c | 3499 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ kernel/dependency/dept_hash.h | 10 + kernel/dependency/dept_internal.h | 314 +++ kernel/dependency/dept_object.h | 13 + kernel/dependency/dept_proc.c | 94 + kernel/dependency/dept_unit_test.c | 173 ++ kernel/exit.c | 1 + kernel/fork.c | 2 + kernel/locking/lockdep.c | 33 + kernel/module/main.c | 19 + kernel/rcu/rcu.h | 1 + kernel/rcu/update.c | 5 +- kernel/sched/completion.c | 62 +- kernel/sched/core.c | 9 + kernel/workqueue.c | 3 + lib/Kconfig.debug | 48 + lib/debug_locks.c | 2 + lib/locking-selftest.c | 2 + mm/filemap.c | 38 + mm/mm_init.c | 3 + mm/mmu_notifier.c | 31 +- rust/helpers/completion.c | 5 + 63 files changed, 6602 insertions(+), 121 deletions(-) create mode 100644 Documentation/dev-tools/dept.rst create mode 100644 Documentation/dev-tools/dept_api.rst create mode 100644 include/linux/dept.h create mode 100644 include/linux/dept_ldt.h create mode 100644 include/linux/dept_sdt.h create mode 100644 include/linux/dept_unit_test.h create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/Makefile create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept.c create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept_hash.h create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept_internal.h create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept_object.h create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept_proc.c create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept_unit_test.c base-commit: 43dfc13ca972988e620a6edb72956981b75ab6b0 -- 2.17.1

2 weeks, 2 days

Unlocking Wordplay: A Guide to the Connections Game

by profound.cheetah.kect＠hidingmail.net

In a world brimming with complex video games and immersive online experiences, sometimes the most satisfying entertainment comes from a simple yet brilliant word puzzle. The Connections Game, a daily online brain-teaser, offers just that – a delightful challenge that tests your vocabulary, logic, and lateral thinking. If you’re looking for a fresh way to engage your mind and expand your word association skills, then stepping into the world of Connections Game is a fantastic choice. https://connectionsgamefree.com What is Connections Game? At its heart, Connections is a game about finding hidden relationships between words. Each day, you're presented with 16 seemingly disparate words. Your task is to group these words into four sets of four, with each set sharing a common thread or category. The categories can be anything from "Types of Fruit" to "Words that Rhyme with 'Blue'" or even more abstract connections that require a bit of outside-the-box thinking. The beauty of the game lies in its simplicity and the sheer satisfaction of uncovering those clever links. You can experience it firsthand at Connections Game. The Gameplay Unpacked When you open the game, you'll see all 16 words laid out before you. To play, you simply click on four words you believe belong together. Once you’ve selected your quartet, you hit the "Submit" button. Correct Guess: If your four words form a valid category, they will disappear, and the category will be revealed. You'll then move on to the remaining words. Incorrect Guess: If your guess is wrong, the words will remain on the board, and you'll lose one of your four allowed mistakes. That's right – you only get four incorrect attempts before the game ends! This adds a delicious layer of pressure and strategic thinking. The categories are color-coded, ranging from "Yellow" (easiest) to "Purple" (most difficult/obscure). Often, the trickiest part is recognizing "red herrings" – words that seem to fit into multiple categories, making you second-guess your initial assumptions. Tips for Success To truly master the Connections Game, here are a few friendly tips: Read All the Words First: Before clicking anything, take a moment to scan all 16 words. Look for obvious groupings first. Are there any four words that immediately jump out as being related? Look for Obvious Categories: Sometimes, one or two categories will be relatively straightforward. Tackling these first can clear up the board and make the remaining words easier to analyze. Consider Different Meanings: Many words have multiple meanings. Don't get stuck on just one interpretation. For example, "bat" could refer to a flying mammal or a piece of sports equipment. Think About Wordplay and Sounds: Categories aren't always about literal definitions. They can involve synonyms, antonyms, rhyming words, or even words that form a phrase when combined. Utilize Your Mistakes Wisely: Remember, you only have four chances. If you’re unsure, it’s often better to hold off on a guess until you have a stronger conviction. Sometimes, eliminating other categories can clarify ambiguous words. Don't Be Afraid to Rearrange: Mentally (or even physically, if you're playing on a device that allows it) rearrange the words. Seeing them in a different order can sometimes spark new connections. Conclusion The Connections Game is more than just a pastime; it's a daily brain workout that's both challenging and incredibly rewarding. It encourages you to think critically, expand your vocabulary, and see the intricate relationships between words. Whether you're a seasoned wordsmith or just looking for a fun new way to pass the time, give it a try – you might just find your new favorite daily ritual! You can access the game daily at Connections Game.

2 weeks, 2 days

[PATCH v2] dma-buf: remove unused dma-fence-unwrap.c (stable/linux-5.15.y only)

by Tudor Ambarus

The file drivers/dma-buf/dma-fence-unwrap.c was incorrectly added to the 5.15.y stable branch in commit 4e82b9c11d3c ("dma-buf: add dma_fence_timestamp helper") as a new file, but it was never enabled in the Makefile, and its header include/linux/dma-fence-unwrap.h was not present, making it uncompilable. A full revert of commit 4e82b9c11d3c ("dma-buf: add dma_fence_timestamp helper") is not desirable because that commit also introduced the valid dma_fence_timestamp() helper and fixed legitimate timestamp race windows in drivers/dma-buf/sync_file.c and drivers/gpu/drm/scheduler/sched_main.c. Since there are no users of dma-fence-unwrap in the 5.15.y branch, remove the unused file to clean up the tree and avoid confusion. Fixes: 4e82b9c11d3c ("dma-buf: add dma_fence_timestamp helper") Signed-off-by: Tudor Ambarus <tudor.ambarus(a)linaro.org> --- Changes in v2: - add To: stable(a)vger.kernel.org - Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260703-5-15-dma-fence-unwrap-v1-1-0cf644bc501f@… --- drivers/dma-buf/dma-fence-unwrap.c | 176 ------------------------------------- 1 file changed, 176 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-fence-unwrap.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-fence-unwrap.c deleted file mode 100644 index 628af51c81af..000000000000 --- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-fence-unwrap.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,176 +0,0 @@ -// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only -/* - * dma-fence-util: misc functions for dma_fence objects - * - * Copyright (C) 2022 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. - * Authors: - * Christian König <christian.koenig(a)amd.com> - */ - -#include <linux/dma-fence.h> -#include <linux/dma-fence-array.h> -#include <linux/dma-fence-chain.h> -#include <linux/dma-fence-unwrap.h> -#include <linux/slab.h> - -/* Internal helper to start new array iteration, don't use directly */ -static struct dma_fence * -__dma_fence_unwrap_array(struct dma_fence_unwrap *cursor) -{ - cursor->array = dma_fence_chain_contained(cursor->chain); - cursor->index = 0; - return dma_fence_array_first(cursor->array); -} - -/** - * dma_fence_unwrap_first - return the first fence from fence containers - * @head: the entrypoint into the containers - * @cursor: current position inside the containers - * - * Unwraps potential dma_fence_chain/dma_fence_array containers and return the - * first fence. - */ -struct dma_fence *dma_fence_unwrap_first(struct dma_fence *head, - struct dma_fence_unwrap *cursor) -{ - cursor->chain = dma_fence_get(head); - return __dma_fence_unwrap_array(cursor); -} -EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(dma_fence_unwrap_first); - -/** - * dma_fence_unwrap_next - return the next fence from a fence containers - * @cursor: current position inside the containers - * - * Continue unwrapping the dma_fence_chain/dma_fence_array containers and return - * the next fence from them. - */ -struct dma_fence *dma_fence_unwrap_next(struct dma_fence_unwrap *cursor) -{ - struct dma_fence *tmp; - - ++cursor->index; - tmp = dma_fence_array_next(cursor->array, cursor->index); - if (tmp) - return tmp; - - cursor->chain = dma_fence_chain_walk(cursor->chain); - return __dma_fence_unwrap_array(cursor); -} -EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(dma_fence_unwrap_next); - -/* Implementation for the dma_fence_merge() marco, don't use directly */ -struct dma_fence *__dma_fence_unwrap_merge(unsigned int num_fences, - struct dma_fence **fences, - struct dma_fence_unwrap *iter) -{ - struct dma_fence_array *result; - struct dma_fence *tmp, **array; - ktime_t timestamp; - unsigned int i; - size_t count; - - count = 0; - timestamp = ns_to_ktime(0); - for (i = 0; i < num_fences; ++i) { - dma_fence_unwrap_for_each(tmp, &iter[i], fences[i]) { - if (!dma_fence_is_signaled(tmp)) { - ++count; - } else { - ktime_t t = dma_fence_timestamp(tmp); - - if (ktime_after(t, timestamp)) - timestamp = t; - } - } - } - - /* - * If we couldn't find a pending fence just return a private signaled - * fence with the timestamp of the last signaled one. - */ - if (count == 0) - return dma_fence_allocate_private_stub(timestamp); - - array = kmalloc_array(count, sizeof(*array), GFP_KERNEL); - if (!array) - return NULL; - - /* - * This trashes the input fence array and uses it as position for the - * following merge loop. This works because the dma_fence_merge() - * wrapper macro is creating this temporary array on the stack together - * with the iterators. - */ - for (i = 0; i < num_fences; ++i) - fences[i] = dma_fence_unwrap_first(fences[i], &iter[i]); - - count = 0; - do { - unsigned int sel; - -restart: - tmp = NULL; - for (i = 0; i < num_fences; ++i) { - struct dma_fence *next; - - while (fences[i] && dma_fence_is_signaled(fences[i])) - fences[i] = dma_fence_unwrap_next(&iter[i]); - - next = fences[i]; - if (!next) - continue; - - /* - * We can't guarantee that inpute fences are ordered by - * context, but it is still quite likely when this - * function is used multiple times. So attempt to order - * the fences by context as we pass over them and merge - * fences with the same context. - */ - if (!tmp || tmp->context > next->context) { - tmp = next; - sel = i; - - } else if (tmp->context < next->context) { - continue; - - } else if (dma_fence_is_later(tmp, next)) { - fences[i] = dma_fence_unwrap_next(&iter[i]); - goto restart; - } else { - fences[sel] = dma_fence_unwrap_next(&iter[sel]); - goto restart; - } - } - - if (tmp) { - array[count++] = dma_fence_get(tmp); - fences[sel] = dma_fence_unwrap_next(&iter[sel]); - } - } while (tmp); - - if (count == 0) { - tmp = dma_fence_allocate_private_stub(ktime_get()); - goto return_tmp; - } - - if (count == 1) { - tmp = array[0]; - goto return_tmp; - } - - result = dma_fence_array_create(count, array, - dma_fence_context_alloc(1), - 1, false); - if (!result) { - tmp = NULL; - goto return_tmp; - } - return &result->base; - -return_tmp: - kfree(array); - return tmp; -} -EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__dma_fence_unwrap_merge); --- base-commit: eceeec79dbc646d6dace49ed1ba2f656683d5537 change-id: 20260703-5-15-dma-fence-unwrap-0f4a6c03daf2 Best regards, -- Tudor Ambarus <tudor.ambarus(a)linaro.org>

2 weeks, 2 days

[PATCH] dma-buf: remove unused dma-fence-unwrap.c (stable/linux-5.15.y only)

by Tudor Ambarus

The file drivers/dma-buf/dma-fence-unwrap.c was incorrectly added to the 5.15.y stable branch in commit 4e82b9c11d3c ("dma-buf: add dma_fence_timestamp helper") as a new file, but it was never enabled in the Makefile, and its header include/linux/dma-fence-unwrap.h was not present, making it uncompilable. A full revert of commit 4e82b9c11d3c ("dma-buf: add dma_fence_timestamp helper") is not desirable because that commit also introduced the valid dma_fence_timestamp() helper and fixed legitimate timestamp race windows in drivers/dma-buf/sync_file.c and drivers/gpu/drm/scheduler/sched_main.c. Since there are no users of dma-fence-unwrap in the 5.15.y branch, remove the unused file to clean up the tree and avoid confusion. Fixes: 4e82b9c11d3c ("dma-buf: add dma_fence_timestamp helper") Signed-off-by: Tudor Ambarus <tudor.ambarus(a)linaro.org> --- drivers/dma-buf/dma-fence-unwrap.c | 176 ------------------------------------- 1 file changed, 176 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-fence-unwrap.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-fence-unwrap.c deleted file mode 100644 index 628af51c81af..000000000000 --- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-fence-unwrap.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,176 +0,0 @@ -// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only -/* - * dma-fence-util: misc functions for dma_fence objects - * - * Copyright (C) 2022 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. - * Authors: - * Christian König <christian.koenig(a)amd.com> - */ - -#include <linux/dma-fence.h> -#include <linux/dma-fence-array.h> -#include <linux/dma-fence-chain.h> -#include <linux/dma-fence-unwrap.h> -#include <linux/slab.h> - -/* Internal helper to start new array iteration, don't use directly */ -static struct dma_fence * -__dma_fence_unwrap_array(struct dma_fence_unwrap *cursor) -{ - cursor->array = dma_fence_chain_contained(cursor->chain); - cursor->index = 0; - return dma_fence_array_first(cursor->array); -} - -/** - * dma_fence_unwrap_first - return the first fence from fence containers - * @head: the entrypoint into the containers - * @cursor: current position inside the containers - * - * Unwraps potential dma_fence_chain/dma_fence_array containers and return the - * first fence. - */ -struct dma_fence *dma_fence_unwrap_first(struct dma_fence *head, - struct dma_fence_unwrap *cursor) -{ - cursor->chain = dma_fence_get(head); - return __dma_fence_unwrap_array(cursor); -} -EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(dma_fence_unwrap_first); - -/** - * dma_fence_unwrap_next - return the next fence from a fence containers - * @cursor: current position inside the containers - * - * Continue unwrapping the dma_fence_chain/dma_fence_array containers and return - * the next fence from them. - */ -struct dma_fence *dma_fence_unwrap_next(struct dma_fence_unwrap *cursor) -{ - struct dma_fence *tmp; - - ++cursor->index; - tmp = dma_fence_array_next(cursor->array, cursor->index); - if (tmp) - return tmp; - - cursor->chain = dma_fence_chain_walk(cursor->chain); - return __dma_fence_unwrap_array(cursor); -} -EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(dma_fence_unwrap_next); - -/* Implementation for the dma_fence_merge() marco, don't use directly */ -struct dma_fence *__dma_fence_unwrap_merge(unsigned int num_fences, - struct dma_fence **fences, - struct dma_fence_unwrap *iter) -{ - struct dma_fence_array *result; - struct dma_fence *tmp, **array; - ktime_t timestamp; - unsigned int i; - size_t count; - - count = 0; - timestamp = ns_to_ktime(0); - for (i = 0; i < num_fences; ++i) { - dma_fence_unwrap_for_each(tmp, &iter[i], fences[i]) { - if (!dma_fence_is_signaled(tmp)) { - ++count; - } else { - ktime_t t = dma_fence_timestamp(tmp); - - if (ktime_after(t, timestamp)) - timestamp = t; - } - } - } - - /* - * If we couldn't find a pending fence just return a private signaled - * fence with the timestamp of the last signaled one. - */ - if (count == 0) - return dma_fence_allocate_private_stub(timestamp); - - array = kmalloc_array(count, sizeof(*array), GFP_KERNEL); - if (!array) - return NULL; - - /* - * This trashes the input fence array and uses it as position for the - * following merge loop. This works because the dma_fence_merge() - * wrapper macro is creating this temporary array on the stack together - * with the iterators. - */ - for (i = 0; i < num_fences; ++i) - fences[i] = dma_fence_unwrap_first(fences[i], &iter[i]); - - count = 0; - do { - unsigned int sel; - -restart: - tmp = NULL; - for (i = 0; i < num_fences; ++i) { - struct dma_fence *next; - - while (fences[i] && dma_fence_is_signaled(fences[i])) - fences[i] = dma_fence_unwrap_next(&iter[i]); - - next = fences[i]; - if (!next) - continue; - - /* - * We can't guarantee that inpute fences are ordered by - * context, but it is still quite likely when this - * function is used multiple times. So attempt to order - * the fences by context as we pass over them and merge - * fences with the same context. - */ - if (!tmp || tmp->context > next->context) { - tmp = next; - sel = i; - - } else if (tmp->context < next->context) { - continue; - - } else if (dma_fence_is_later(tmp, next)) { - fences[i] = dma_fence_unwrap_next(&iter[i]); - goto restart; - } else { - fences[sel] = dma_fence_unwrap_next(&iter[sel]); - goto restart; - } - } - - if (tmp) { - array[count++] = dma_fence_get(tmp); - fences[sel] = dma_fence_unwrap_next(&iter[sel]); - } - } while (tmp); - - if (count == 0) { - tmp = dma_fence_allocate_private_stub(ktime_get()); - goto return_tmp; - } - - if (count == 1) { - tmp = array[0]; - goto return_tmp; - } - - result = dma_fence_array_create(count, array, - dma_fence_context_alloc(1), - 1, false); - if (!result) { - tmp = NULL; - goto return_tmp; - } - return &result->base; - -return_tmp: - kfree(array); - return tmp; -} -EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__dma_fence_unwrap_merge); --- base-commit: eceeec79dbc646d6dace49ed1ba2f656683d5537 change-id: 20260703-5-15-dma-fence-unwrap-0f4a6c03daf2 Best regards, -- Tudor Ambarus <tudor.ambarus(a)linaro.org>

2 weeks, 4 days

[PATCH] dma-buf: docs: remove invalid struct member

by Nicolás Antinori

In the structs dma_fence_array and dma_fence_chain, the field 'lock' has been removed, but its documentation comment remained. Remove the stale descriptions to clear up the following kernel-doc warnings: WARNING: ./include/linux/dma-fence-array.h:47 Excess struct member 'lock' description in 'dma_fence_array' WARNING: ./include/linux/dma-fence-array.h:47 Excess struct member 'lock' description in 'dma_fence_array' WARNING: ./include/linux/dma-fence-chain.h:48 Excess struct member 'lock' description in 'dma_fence_chain' WARNING: ./include/linux/dma-fence-chain.h:48 Excess struct member 'lock' description in 'dma_fence_chain' Fixes: 5943243914b9 ("dma-buf: use inline lock for the dma-fence-array") Fixes: a408c0ca0c41 ("dma-buf: use inline lock for the dma-fence-chain") Signed-off-by: Nicolás Antinori <nico.antinori.7(a)gmail.com> --- include/linux/dma-fence-array.h | 1 - include/linux/dma-fence-chain.h | 1 - 2 files changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/include/linux/dma-fence-array.h b/include/linux/dma-fence-array.h index 1b1d87579c38..0c49d7ccefb6 100644 --- a/include/linux/dma-fence-array.h +++ b/include/linux/dma-fence-array.h @@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ struct dma_fence_array_cb { /** * struct dma_fence_array - fence to represent an array of fences * @base: fence base class - * @lock: spinlock for fence handling * @num_fences: number of fences in the array * @num_pending: fences in the array still pending * @fences: array of the fences diff --git a/include/linux/dma-fence-chain.h b/include/linux/dma-fence-chain.h index df3beadf1515..42289f505164 100644 --- a/include/linux/dma-fence-chain.h +++ b/include/linux/dma-fence-chain.h @@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ * @prev: previous fence of the chain * @prev_seqno: original previous seqno before garbage collection * @fence: encapsulated fence - * @lock: spinlock for fence handling */ struct dma_fence_chain { struct dma_fence base; -- 2.47.3

2 weeks, 5 days

Prepare to Rage Quit (and Maybe Love It): Diving into Level Devil

by graceful.earthworm.hsos＠hidingmail.com

So, you're looking for a new game to sink your teeth into? Something challenging, maybe a little bit infuriating, and definitely memorable? Look no further than Level Devil. This deceptively simple platformer is a masterclass in trickery, constantly changing the rules and keeping you on your toes. But don't be intimidated! With a little patience (and maybe a stress ball), you can conquer its devilish design. https://leveldevilfull.com Gameplay: Expect the Unexpected At its core, Level Devil is a 2D platformer. You control a little pixelated character tasked with reaching the exit door in each level. Sounds easy, right? Wrong. The beauty (and the frustration) lies in the unpredictable nature of the environment. Platforms crumble beneath your feet, spikes appear out of nowhere, and the ground itself can vanish unexpectedly. Each level introduces new challenges, forcing you to adapt your strategy on the fly. You'll encounter moving platforms, disappearing blocks, and even gravity-defying puzzles. The real kicker? The layout of the levels often changes on each attempt, meaning memorization alone won't cut it. You need to be quick-witted and reactive. The charm of Level Devil is its lack of hand-holding. There are no tutorials, no hints, and no mercy. You're thrown straight into the deep end, forced to learn from your mistakes (and trust me, there will be plenty). That feeling of finally overcoming a particularly difficult section is incredibly rewarding. It's a game that demands your full attention and rewards persistence. Tips for Taming the Devil While Level Devil thrives on its unpredictability, here are a few tips to help you navigate its treacherous landscape: • Patience is Key: This game is designed to test your limits. Don't get discouraged by frequent deaths. Treat each attempt as a learning experience. • Observe Carefully: Before making a move, take a moment to scan the environment. Look for subtle cues that might indicate impending danger. • Embrace Failure: You will die. A lot. Embrace it as part of the learning process. Each death provides valuable insight into the level's design. • Don't Overthink It: Sometimes, the solution is simpler than you think. Avoid overcomplicating your approach. • Take Breaks: If you find yourself getting too frustrated, step away from the game for a while. Come back with a fresh perspective. • Listen to the Sound: The game’s audio cues often hint at upcoming dangers. Pay close attention! Level Devil utilizes sound design to enhance the experience (and sometimes, to cleverly mislead you!). Conclusion: A Test of Skill and Sanity Level Devil isn't for the faint of heart. It's a challenging and often frustrating experience. However, it's also incredibly rewarding. The constant surprises, the need for quick thinking, and the sheer satisfaction of overcoming its devilish design make it a truly unique and memorable game. If you're looking for a platformer that will push you to your limits and leave you feeling accomplished, then Level Devil is definitely worth a try. Just be prepared to rage quit... and then come back for more.

2 weeks, 5 days

[PATCH] dma-buf: Split sgl by largest page-aligned chunk

by David Hu

Currently, `fill_sg_entry()` splits the scatterlist using `UINT_MAX`. This creates a non-page-aligned DMA length (`0xFFFFFFFF`) for the first entry, resulting in non-page-aligned DMA addresses for all subsequent entries. While the underlying IOMMU mapping may be contiguous, hardware DMA engines often require explicit address alignment (e.g., page, cacheline, or storage sector boundaries). Passing unaligned addresses and lengths can cause explicit failures in DMA descriptor creation or silent data corruption if lower unaligned bits are truncated. Fix this by splitting the scatterlist by the largest possible page aligned chunk within `UINT_MAX` (`ALIGN_DOWN(UINT_MAX, PAGE_SIZE)`). This ensures all scatterlist DMA addresses and lengths remain page aligned and satisfy hardware constraints. Page-aligned entries allow the system to cleanly chunk payloads into PCIe MaxPayloadSize (MPS) (e.g., 128 bytes, 256 bytes, 512 bytes). As a result, this may help reduce TLP fragmentation in P2P transfers and alleviate potential congestion within a logical PCIe switch partition, especially when Relaxed Ordering is not possible due to hardware constraints. Reported-by: sashiko-bot <sashiko-bot(a)kernel.org> Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260609165431.778061F00893@smtp.kernel.org/ Fixes: 3aa31a8bb11e ("dma-buf: provide phys_vec to scatter-gather mapping routine") Cc: stable(a)vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: David Hu <xuehaohu(a)google.com> --- drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c | 13 ++++++++----- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c index 794acff2546a..f2bde38fdb1f 100644 --- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c +++ b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c @@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ */ #include <linux/dma-buf-mapping.h> #include <linux/dma-resv.h> +#include <linux/align.h> + +#define MAX_ENT_SZ ALIGN_DOWN(UINT_MAX, PAGE_SIZE) static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length, dma_addr_t addr) @@ -12,9 +15,9 @@ static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length, unsigned int len, nents; int i; - nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, UINT_MAX); + nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, MAX_ENT_SZ); for (i = 0; i < nents; i++) { - len = min_t(size_t, length, UINT_MAX); + len = min_t(size_t, length, MAX_ENT_SZ); length -= len; /* * DMABUF abuses scatterlist to create a scatterlist @@ -24,7 +27,7 @@ static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length, * does not require the CPU list for mapping or unmapping. */ sg_set_page(sgl, NULL, 0, 0); - sg_dma_address(sgl) = addr + (dma_addr_t)i * UINT_MAX; + sg_dma_address(sgl) = addr + (dma_addr_t)i * MAX_ENT_SZ; sg_dma_len(sgl) = len; sgl = sg_next(sgl); } @@ -41,14 +44,14 @@ static unsigned int calc_sg_nents(struct dma_iova_state *state, if (!state || !dma_use_iova(state)) { for (i = 0; i < nr_ranges; i++) - nents += DIV_ROUND_UP(phys_vec[i].len, UINT_MAX); + nents += DIV_ROUND_UP(phys_vec[i].len, MAX_ENT_SZ); } else { /* * In IOVA case, there is only one SG entry which spans * for whole IOVA address space, but we need to make sure * that it fits sg->length, maybe we need more. */ - nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, UINT_MAX); + nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, MAX_ENT_SZ); } return nents; -- 2.55.0.rc0.738.g0c8ab3ebcc-goog

2 weeks, 5 days

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