In case MMIO size is bigger than 4G and peer2peer DMA goes
through host bridge, we trigger a code path that assigns the
total linked IOVA (which is greater than 4G) to mapped_len.
Previously, `mapped_len` was declared as 32-bit `unsigned int`.
When accumulating `size_t` lengths, this leads to a silent wrap-around.
This truncation causes truncated lengths to be passed to functions
like `fill_sg_entry()`.
Fix this by changing `mapped_len` to `size_t` (64-bit). While
at it, fix similar potential overflow issues in `calc_sg_nents`
by using `size_t` for `nents` and checking against `UINT_MAX`
and using `unsigned int` for the loop iterator in `fill_sg_entry`
to match.
Fixes: 3aa31a8bb11e ("dma-buf: provide phys_vec to scatter-gather mapping routine")
Cc: stable(a)vger.kernel.org
Cc: iommu(a)lists.linux.dev
Reviewed-by: Pranjal Shrivastava <praan(a)google.com>
Signed-off-by: David Hu <xuehaohu(a)google.com>
---
Changes in v4:
- Added WARN_ON_ONCE() to the nents overflow check to prevent silent
failures (Claude Bot).
Changes in v3:
- Removed leftover sentence fragment from the commit message.
- Kept `nents = 0` initialization (previously stated as removed in the
v2 changelog) as it is strictly required for the `+=` accumulation
loop in `calc_sg_nents()`.
Changes in v2:
- Fixed 'IVOA' -> 'IOVA' typo and expanded commit message (Claude Bot).
- Added Reverse Xmas tree formatting (Pranjal).
- Folded in extra bounds checking for calc_sg_nents() (Pranjal).
- Folded in type consistency fix for fill_sg_entry() (Pranjal).
drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c | 10 +++++++---
1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
index 794acff2546a..1aabc0ee70bb 100644
--- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
+++ b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length,
dma_addr_t addr)
{
unsigned int len, nents;
- int i;
+ unsigned int i;
nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, UINT_MAX);
for (i = 0; i < nents; i++) {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ static unsigned int calc_sg_nents(struct dma_iova_state *state,
struct phys_vec *phys_vec, size_t nr_ranges,
size_t size)
{
- unsigned int nents = 0;
+ size_t nents = 0;
size_t i;
if (!state || !dma_use_iova(state)) {
@@ -51,6 +51,9 @@ static unsigned int calc_sg_nents(struct dma_iova_state *state,
nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, UINT_MAX);
}
+ if (WARN_ON_ONCE(nents > UINT_MAX))
+ return 0;
+
return nents;
}
@@ -95,9 +98,10 @@ struct sg_table *dma_buf_phys_vec_to_sgt(struct dma_buf_attachment *attach,
size_t nr_ranges, size_t size,
enum dma_data_direction dir)
{
- unsigned int nents, mapped_len = 0;
struct dma_buf_dma *dma;
struct scatterlist *sgl;
+ size_t mapped_len = 0;
+ unsigned int nents;
dma_addr_t addr;
size_t i;
int ret;
--
2.54.0.929.g9b7fa37559-goog
In case MMIO size is bigger than 4G and peer2peer DMA goes
through host bridge, we trigger a code path that assigns the
total linked IOVA (which is greater than 4G) to mapped_len.
Previously, `mapped_len` was declared as 32-bit `unsigned int`.
When accumulating `size_t` lengths, this leads to a silent wrap-around.
This truncation causes truncated lengths to be passed to functions
like `fill_sg_entry()`.
Fix this by changing `mapped_len` to `size_t` (64-bit). While
at it, fix similar potential overflow issues in `calc_sg_nents`
by using `size_t` for `nents` and checking against `UINT_MAX`
and using `unsigned int` for the loop iterator in `fill_sg_entry`
to match.
Fixes: 3aa31a8bb11e ("dma-buf: provide phys_vec to scatter-gather mapping routine")
Cc: stable(a)vger.kernel.org
Cc: iommu(a)lists.linux.dev
Reviewed-by: Pranjal Shrivastava <praan(a)google.com>
Signed-off-by: David Hu <xuehaohu(a)google.com>
---
Changes in v3:
- Removed leftover sentence fragment from the commit message.
- Kept `nents = 0` initialization (previously stated as removed in the
v2 changelog) as it is strictly required for the `+=` accumulation
loop in `calc_sg_nents()`.
Changes in v2:
- Fixed 'IVOA' -> 'IOVA' typo and expanded commit message (Claude Bot).
- Added Reverse Xmas tree formatting (Pranjal).
- Folded in extra bounds checking for calc_sg_nents() (Pranjal).
- Folded in type consistency fix for fill_sg_entry() (Pranjal).
drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c | 10 +++++++---
1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
index 794acff2546a..5bc769fc42ea 100644
--- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
+++ b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf-mapping.c
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ static struct scatterlist *fill_sg_entry(struct scatterlist *sgl, size_t length,
dma_addr_t addr)
{
unsigned int len, nents;
- int i;
+ unsigned int i;
nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, UINT_MAX);
for (i = 0; i < nents; i++) {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ static unsigned int calc_sg_nents(struct dma_iova_state *state,
struct phys_vec *phys_vec, size_t nr_ranges,
size_t size)
{
- unsigned int nents = 0;
+ size_t nents = 0;
size_t i;
if (!state || !dma_use_iova(state)) {
@@ -51,6 +51,9 @@ static unsigned int calc_sg_nents(struct dma_iova_state *state,
nents = DIV_ROUND_UP(size, UINT_MAX);
}
+ if (nents > UINT_MAX)
+ return 0;
+
return nents;
}
@@ -95,9 +98,10 @@ struct sg_table *dma_buf_phys_vec_to_sgt(struct dma_buf_attachment *attach,
size_t nr_ranges, size_t size,
enum dma_data_direction dir)
{
- unsigned int nents, mapped_len = 0;
struct dma_buf_dma *dma;
struct scatterlist *sgl;
+ size_t mapped_len = 0;
+ unsigned int nents;
dma_addr_t addr;
size_t i;
int ret;
--
2.54.0.794.g4f17f83d09-goog
Once FD_ADD() returns, the fd is live in the file descriptor table
and a thread sharing that table can close() it before DMA_BUF_TRACE()
runs. The close drops the last reference, __fput() frees the dma_buf,
and the tracepoint then dereferences dmabuf to take dmabuf->name_lock
-- slab-use-after-free.
Split FD_ADD() back into get_unused_fd_flags() + fd_install() and
emit the tracepoint between them. While the fdtable slot is reserved
with a NULL file pointer, a racing close() returns -EBADF without
entering __fput(), so the dma_buf stays alive across the trace. Same
approach as commit 2d76319c4cbb ("dma-buf: fix UAF in dma_buf_put()
tracepoint").
This undoes the FD_ADD() conversion done in commit 34dfce523c90
("dma: convert dma_buf_fd() to FD_ADD()"); FD_ADD() has no place to
hook the tracepoint safely.
Reported-by: syzbot+7f4987d0afb97dd090cb(a)syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Closes: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=7f4987d0afb97dd090cb
Fixes: 281a22631423 ("dma-buf: add some tracepoints to debug.")
Cc: stable(a)vger.kernel.org # 7.0.x
Signed-off-by: David Carlier <devnexen(a)gmail.com>
---
drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf.c | 6 +++++-
1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf.c
index 71f37544a5c6..d504c636dc29 100644
--- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf.c
+++ b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf.c
@@ -792,9 +792,13 @@ int dma_buf_fd(struct dma_buf *dmabuf, int flags)
if (!dmabuf || !dmabuf->file)
return -EINVAL;
- fd = FD_ADD(flags, dmabuf->file);
+ fd = get_unused_fd_flags(flags);
+ if (fd < 0)
+ return fd;
+
DMA_BUF_TRACE(trace_dma_buf_fd, dmabuf, fd);
+ fd_install(fd, dmabuf->file);
return fd;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS_GPL(dma_buf_fd, "DMA_BUF");
--
2.53.0
On 5/28/26 15:29, w15303746062(a)163.com wrote:
> From: Mingyu Wang <25181214217(a)stu.xidian.edu.cn>
>
> When a GEM handle already exists in the drm_prime_file_private, repeated
> calls to DRM_IOCTL_PRIME_HANDLE_TO_FD can cause drm_prime_add_buf_handle()
> to insert multiple entries with the same handle into the handles rb_tree.
> Because the insertion walk moves left on equality, duplicate keys are
> structurally accepted by the tree.
That should never happen and would be a major bug.
All callers should check if a handler exists before calling drm_prime_add_buf_handle().
How do you see that a handle is added twice?
Regards,
Christian.
>
> Later, when the handle is released via drm_gem_release() ->
> drm_gem_object_release_handle() -> drm_prime_remove_buf_handle(), the
> latter iterates the handles tree, removes the first matching node, and
> breaks out of the loop. Any remaining duplicate nodes that share the
> same handle are left orphaned in the dmabufs tree - they are no longer
> reachable through the handles tree and are never freed.
>
> When the drm file is finally closed, drm_prime_destroy_file_private()
> triggers:
>
> WARN_ON(!RB_EMPTY_ROOT(&prime_fpriv->dmabufs));
>
> because the dmabufs tree is still non-empty. With CONFIG_PANIC_ON_WARN
> this becomes a kernel panic:
>
> ------------[ cut here ]------------
> WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 19739 at drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c:223 drm_prime_destroy_file_private+0x43/0x60
> ...
> Kernel panic - not syncing: kernel: panic_on_warn set ...
>
> Fix this by restarting the lookup from the root of the handles tree
> after each successful removal, so that all duplicate nodes for the given
> handle are erased. The caller (drm_gem_object_release_handle) already
> holds prime_fpriv->lock, so this does not change the locking strategy.
>
> Signed-off-by: Mingyu Wang <25181214217(a)stu.xidian.edu.cn>
> ---
> Changes in v2:
> - Drop the unnecessary mutex_lock addition, as the caller (drm_gem_object_release_handle) already holds the lock.
> - Rewrite the commit message to accurately reflect the root cause (duplicate handle insertions) rather than an assumed lack of synchronization.
> - Restart the rb_tree lookup from the root instead of breaking the loop to ensure all orphaned duplicate nodes are thoroughly removed.
>
> drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c | 5 ++++-
> 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
>
> diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c
> index 9b44c78cd77f..dc28df1c6698 100644
> --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c
> +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c
> @@ -202,7 +202,10 @@ void drm_prime_remove_buf_handle(struct drm_prime_file_private *prime_fpriv,
>
> dma_buf_put(member->dma_buf);
> kfree(member);
> - break;
> + /* Duplicate handles may exist; restart search from root
> + * to guarantee removal of all matching entries.
> + */
> + rb = prime_fpriv->handles.rb_node;
> } else if (member->handle < handle) {
> rb = rb->rb_right;
> } else {
> --
> 2.34.1
>
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On 5/28/26 10:29, w15303746062(a)163.com wrote:
> From: Mingyu Wang <25181214217(a)stu.xidian.edu.cn>
>
> Syzkaller fuzzer triggered a kernel panic via a WARNING in
> drm_prime_destroy_file_private() due to a non-empty prime rb_tree.
>
> The root cause is a complete lack of synchronization in the teardown
> path. While the import path (drm_gem_prime_fd_to_handle) holds the
> &file_priv->prime.lock during lookup and insertion, the deletion path
> (drm_prime_remove_buf_handle) traverses and mutates both the 'handles'
> and 'dmabufs' rb_trees without acquiring any mutex.
That's just simply incorrect, drm_prime_remove_buf_handle() is called with the lock already held.
See drm_gem_object_release_handle():
mutex_lock(&file_priv->prime.lock);
drm_prime_remove_buf_handle(&file_priv->prime, id);
mutex_unlock(&file_priv->prime.lock);
So the patch you propose here is just nonsense.
What tree are you working on? Could it be that this is something specific to a certain version.
Regards,
Christian.
>
> When multiple threads concurrently close GEM handles or interleave import
> and close operations, the pointers and balance states of the rb_tree
> nodes get corrupted. As a result, certain members are erased from one
> tree but remain orphaned in the other. Upon process exit, the final
> sanity check triggers the WARNING.
>
> [ 448.919314][T19739] ------------[ cut here ]------------
> [ 448.945387][T19739] WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 19739 at drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c:223 drm_prime_destroy_file_private+0x43/0x60
> ...
> [ 449.056535][T19739] Call Trace:
> [ 449.056544][T19739] <TASK>
> [ 449.056553][T19739] drm_file_free.part.0+0x805/0xcf0
> [ 449.056652][T19739] drm_close_helper.isra.0+0x183/0x1f0
> [ 449.056677][T19739] drm_release+0x1ab/0x360
> [ 449.056719][T19739] __fput+0x402/0xb50
> [ 449.056783][T19739] task_work_run+0x16b/0x260
> [ 449.056883][T19739] exit_to_user_mode_loop+0xf9/0x130
> [ 449.056931][T19739] do_syscall_64+0x424/0xfa0
> [ 449.056977][T19739] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
> [ 449.057268][T19739] </TASK>
> [ 449.057295][T19739] Kernel panic - not syncing: kernel: panic_on_warn set ...
>
> Fix this by acquiring the prime_fpriv->lock mutex around the rb_tree
> lookup and erasure logic. To respect the locking rules and avoid potential
> deadlocks with driver-specific memory cleanups, assign the target node to
> a temporary pointer and defer the dma_buf_put() and kfree() operations
> until after the mutex is safely dropped.
>
> Fixes: ea2aa97ca37a ("drm/gem: Fix GEM handle release errors")
> Cc: stable(a)vger.kernel.org
> Signed-off-by: Mingyu Wang <25181214217(a)stu.xidian.edu.cn>
> ---
> drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c | 13 +++++++++++--
> 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c
> index 9b44c78cd77f..26319c638e0f 100644
> --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c
> +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c
> @@ -190,6 +190,9 @@ void drm_prime_remove_buf_handle(struct drm_prime_file_private *prime_fpriv,
> uint32_t handle)
> {
> struct rb_node *rb;
> + struct drm_prime_member *found = NULL;
> +
> + mutex_lock(&prime_fpriv->lock);
>
> rb = prime_fpriv->handles.rb_node;
> while (rb) {
> @@ -200,8 +203,7 @@ void drm_prime_remove_buf_handle(struct drm_prime_file_private *prime_fpriv,
> rb_erase(&member->handle_rb, &prime_fpriv->handles);
> rb_erase(&member->dmabuf_rb, &prime_fpriv->dmabufs);
>
> - dma_buf_put(member->dma_buf);
> - kfree(member);
> + found = member;
> break;
> } else if (member->handle < handle) {
> rb = rb->rb_right;
> @@ -209,6 +211,13 @@ void drm_prime_remove_buf_handle(struct drm_prime_file_private *prime_fpriv,
> rb = rb->rb_left;
> }
> }
> + mutex_unlock(&prime_fpriv->lock);
> +
> + /* Defer resource release outside the mutex to prevent deadlocks */
> + if (found) {
> + dma_buf_put(found->dma_buf);
> + kfree(found);
> + }
> }
>
> void drm_prime_init_file_private(struct drm_prime_file_private *prime_fpriv)
> --
> 2.34.1
>
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The dma-buf pseudo filesystem dispenses S_ANON_INODE inodes via
alloc_anon_inode() but never sets SB_I_NOEXEC on its superblock.
Since commit 1e7ab6f67824 ("anon_inode: rework assertions") in 6.17,
path_noexec() warns on exactly that combination, so an mmap() on any
dma-buf fd trips the warning:
WARNING: CPU: 11 PID: 121813 at fs/exec.c:118 path_noexec+0x47/0x50
do_mmap+0x2b5/0x680
vm_mmap_pgoff+0x129/0x210
ksys_mmap_pgoff+0x177/0x240
__x64_sys_mmap+0x33/0x70
dma-bufs have no business being executable, which is the invariant
that the new assertion is enforcing. Set SB_I_NOEXEC. Also set
SB_I_NODEV, since the pseudo filesystem creates no device nodes.
Reproducer on a CONFIG_DEBUG_VFS=y kernel:
make -C tools/testing/selftests/dmabuf-heaps
sudo ./tools/testing/selftests/dmabuf-heaps/dmabuf-heap -t system
The selftest allocates from /dev/dma_heap/system and mmaps the
returned fd, which trips the warning without this patch.
Fixes: 1e7ab6f67824 ("anon_inode: rework assertions")
Cc: stable(a)vger.kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Christian Brauner (Amutable) <brauner(a)kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: John Hubbard <jhubbard(a)nvidia.com>
---
Changes since v1:
* Also set SB_I_NODEV (suggested by Christian Brauner).
* Added Christian Brauner's Reviewed-by tag (thanks!)
drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf.c | 2 ++
1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf.c
index 71f37544a5c6..ea1ddd4293b2 100644
--- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf.c
+++ b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf.c
@@ -216,6 +216,8 @@ static int dma_buf_fs_init_context(struct fs_context *fc)
if (!ctx)
return -ENOMEM;
ctx->dops = &dma_buf_dentry_ops;
+ fc->s_iflags |= SB_I_NOEXEC;
+ fc->s_iflags |= SB_I_NODEV;
return 0;
}
base-commit: 6779b50faa562e6cca1aa6a4649a4d764c6c7e28
--
2.54.0
Introduction to Wordle Unlimited Experience
Wordle Unlimited is an online word puzzle game that expands the classic word guessing concept into an endless format. Instead of waiting for a daily puzzle, players can enjoy continuous gameplay with unlimited attempts and unlimited rounds. This format makes it appealing for players who enjoy vocabulary challenges, logic thinking, and casual gaming without time restrictions. https://wordleunlimitedgame.org/
The main objective remains simple. Players try to guess a hidden five letter word within a limited number of attempts. After each guess, feedback is provided through color indicators that help narrow down the correct answer. This simple design combined with endless replay value makes Wordle Unlimited highly engaging for both beginners and experienced puzzle players.
How Wordle Unlimited Gameplay Works
Wordle Unlimited follows a straightforward set of rules that are easy to understand. Each round begins with a hidden word that players must discover. Players enter a five letter word as a guess, and the system responds with color coded hints.
Green indicates a correct letter in the correct position. Yellow indicates a correct letter in the wrong position. Gray indicates a letter that is not part of the hidden word. These feedback signals guide players toward the correct answer step by step.
Unlike traditional daily word puzzles, Wordle Unlimited allows continuous play without waiting periods. Players can restart instantly after finishing a round, making it suitable for practice, entertainment, or improving vocabulary skills. This unlimited structure also allows experimentation with different guessing strategies.
Key Features of Wordle Unlimited
One of the most important features of Wordle Unlimited is unlimited gameplay. Players are not restricted to a single puzzle per day, which increases engagement and learning opportunities. This feature is especially useful for users who enjoy repetitive practice or competitive improvement.
Another key feature is accessibility. The game runs directly in a web browser, meaning no installation is required. It works on desktop computers, tablets, and mobile devices, making it convenient for users in different environments.
Wordle Unlimited also maintains a simple interface. There are no complicated menus or distractions. The focus remains entirely on word solving. This minimal design helps players concentrate and improves the overall puzzle solving experience.
Additionally, the game supports learning and vocabulary development. Players are exposed to different word patterns and letter combinations, which can help improve language skills over time.
Effective Strategies for Winning Wordle Unlimited
A strong strategy in Wordle Unlimited begins with choosing a good starting word. Many players select words that contain common vowels and frequently used consonants. This approach increases the chance of identifying correct letters early in the game.
Another effective strategy is to avoid repeating incorrect letters. Once a letter is marked as gray, it is usually best to exclude it from future guesses. This helps narrow down possibilities more efficiently.
Players also benefit from analyzing letter placement carefully. When a letter is marked yellow, it should be repositioned in the next guess. This process of elimination is essential for solving puzzles in fewer attempts.
It is also helpful to think in word patterns rather than random guesses. English words often follow predictable structures, and recognizing these patterns can significantly improve success rates.
Finally, patience plays an important role. Rushing guesses can lead to repeated mistakes. Taking time to evaluate feedback from each attempt leads to more accurate solutions.
Benefits of Playing Wordle Unlimited Regularly
Playing Wordle Unlimited regularly offers several cognitive benefits. One major advantage is vocabulary improvement. Players are exposed to a wide range of words, which helps expand language knowledge over time.
Another benefit is mental exercise. Word puzzle games stimulate logical thinking, pattern recognition, and memory recall. These skills are useful in both academic and professional contexts.
Wordle Unlimited also provides stress relief for many players. The simple structure and short gameplay sessions make it a relaxing activity that can be enjoyed during breaks or free time.
In addition, the unlimited nature of the game allows continuous practice. This is especially beneficial for players who want to improve performance or challenge themselves with faster solving times.
Social interaction is another indirect benefit. Many players enjoy sharing results or competing with friends, which adds a fun and competitive element to the experience.
Why Wordle Unlimited Remains Popular
The popularity of Wordle Unlimited comes from its balance of simplicity and challenge. It does not require advanced gaming skills, yet it still offers a satisfying mental challenge. This combination makes it accessible to a wide audience.
The unlimited format also contributes to its popularity. Players are no longer restricted by daily limits, which means they can engage with the game whenever they want. This flexibility aligns well with modern digital habits.
Another reason for its popularity is its quick gameplay loop. Each round can be completed in a short time, making it ideal for casual entertainment. Despite its simplicity, the game continues to offer new challenges with every hidden word.
Conclusion on Wordle Unlimited Experience
Wordle Unlimited delivers a simple yet highly engaging word puzzle experience that appeals to players of all ages. With unlimited gameplay, easy rules, and strong cognitive benefits, it stands out as an effective and enjoyable word game.