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7080 discussions

Re: [PATCH 1/5] drm/sched: Protect entity->last_scheduled with spinlock

by Philipp Stanner

On Mon, 2026-07-06 at 09:45 +0100, Tvrtko Ursulin wrote: > On 03/07/2026 15:47, Philipp Stanner wrote: > > > > > > I think it can detail which functions will now be locked; but > > mentioning the users would be overkill and is uncommon for API reworks. > > Here I disagree quite strongly. Given the patch is making strong claims > that the lockless access was added for no obvious reason, and that we > have now established the lockless helper is in fact used on the > submission paths, it is really required that those strong claims are > backed by a concrete analysis instead of just saying "not performance > critical in any way". This is a strong case for the reversal of the burden of proof. The entire code base of drm_sched has been designed on the computer science premise of locks being evil. That's why literally all synchronization primitives except for locks have been used where possible, including undefined behavior. The designers tried as hard as they could to avoid locks. That is clearly proven by the fact that in all original data type definitions, the only components that were locked were always lists, since those are the structures where you really cannot avoid a lock in most cases. The aversion to locking was so great that they designed spsc_queue, which uses at least as many as expensive instructions as a lock + list would have needed, and its correctness is not proven, nor are its behavior and rules neither documented or proven. It's not up to the faction who wants to use correct locking and phase out UB to prove that the locklessness is bad, but to whomever added the locklessness to prove why it is good, i.e., necessary – which was not done here, neither in comments nor commit message. So the reasonable assumption is that it's simply a leftover from a flawed, broken design. And the kernel-workflow is that things are always on-list for a while before being merged is that parties who do have concerns and who can point out problems have time to do so. Which is of course open to you: do you see a performance-regression problem with this patch, and if so, where? Anyways: * Correct me if I'm wrong, but it would seem the only driver-usage which could see a *new* lock in its path is drm_sched_entity_error(), for which you yourself agree that it's irrelevant performance-wise. Should we still list the user's of that function? * The other relevant user path, drm_sched_job_arm() via drm_sched_entity_select_rq(), must already be called under a common driver lock for drm_sched_entity_push_job(), and _select_rq() already takes the entity lock. So any significant regression here is hyper unlikely. * The only other contender is the job pull path, which runs serially, by 1 work item at one point in time. * drm_sched_entity_kill() / _fini() are used in user context teardown path. Performance irrelevant. I can offer to add the list above for the justification of why removing the half-undefined behavior is good. Or what exactly would you want to see documented? "amdgpu uses drm_sched_job_arm() and now sees a lock-critical section longer by 3 instructions. etnaviv uses drm_sched_job_arm() and now…"? P.

5 hours, 26 minutes

What's Wave Rider game?

by Leo Enda

Wave Rider surprised me more than I expected. The game looks simple at first, but once the speed increases and the waves become unstable, every run starts feeling intense. Unlike many endless runner games that rely only on fast movement, Wave Rider creates pressure through unpredictable water physics and constantly changing obstacle patterns. Play Wave Rider online at https://wave-rider.io The gameplay is built around survival. Your board moves forward automatically while you focus on steering through dangerous sections of water. Floating barriers, underwater mines, sharp turns, and narrow lanes appear quickly, forcing players to react within seconds. What I liked most is how the game balances smooth surfing movement with sudden moments of chaos. Sometimes the water feels calm, then everything changes when multiple obstacles appear together. Wave Rider also rewards risky decisions. Pearls are often hidden near dangerous routes, making players choose between safe movement and higher scores. I found myself taking bigger risks after every run just to see how far I could push the distance counter. The durability system adds even more tension because repeated small crashes slowly reduce your chance of surviving longer sessions. Game Controls Left Arrow / A: Move left Right Arrow / D: Move right Spacebar or Up Arrow: Jump or glide over obstacles The controls are easy to learn, but mastering the timing takes practice. Quick reactions help, but smooth movement and patience usually lead to better runs. Players who panic and change direction too aggressively often crash faster than expected. Overall, Wave Rider feels like a solid arcade experience for anyone who enjoys reaction-based gameplay. The combination of flowing water, rising speed, and nonstop danger makes every session feel fresh and competitive.

7 hours, 2 minutes

[PATCH v19 00/40] DEPT(DEPendency Tracker)

by Byungchul Park

Hi Linus and folks, DEPT(DEPendency Tracker) is a runtime deadlock detection framework that sees what lockdep cannot. I'm thrilled to share that DEPT has moved beyond theory and is now catching real deadlocks in the wild: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/6383cde5-cf4b-facf-6e07-1378a485657d@I-love.SA… https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/1674268856-31807-1-git-send-email-byungchul.pa… https://lore.kernel.org/all/b6e00e77-4a8c-4e05-ab79-266bf05fcc2d@igalia.com/ I've added comprehensive documentation explaining DEPT's design and usage. Getting started is as simple as enabling CONFIG_DEPT and watching dmesg. THE PROBLEM LOCKDEP CANNOT SOLVE -------------------------------- Lockdep has been our trusted deadlock detector for two decades, but it has a fundamental blind spot: it tracks lock acquisition order, not the actual waits and events that cause deadlocks. This means lockdep misses: * Deadlocks involving folio locks (not released within the context) * Cross-context synchronization like wait_for_completion()/complete() * DMA fence waits, RCU waits, and general waitqueue patterns * Any synchronization primitive outside the classic lock/unlock model Consider this real deadlock pattern that lockdep cannot detect: context X context Y context Z mutex_lock A folio_lock B folio_lock B <- DEADLOCK mutex_lock A <- DEADLOCK folio_unlock B folio_unlock B mutex_unlock A mutex_unlock A Lockdep sees lock acquisitions. DEPT sees the actual dependency: "mutex_unlock A in context Y cannot happen until folio_lock B is awakened by the owner's folio_unlock B, and vice versa in context Z." It's a circular dependency that means deadlock. THE DEPT APPROACH ----------------- DEPT asks a simpler question: "What is this context waiting for, and what event will wake it up?" Every deadlock is fundamentally about unreachable events. DEPT tracks: [S] Where an event context begins (the code path that will trigger an event) [W] Where a wait for another event apears between [S] and [E] [E] Where the event for [S] occurs By building a dependency graph of "[E] cannot occur until the event that [W] waits for occurs", DEPT detects circular dependencies regardless of the underlying synchronization primitives involved. WHAT DEPT BRINGS TO THE TABLE ----------------------------- * Universal coverage: Works with any wait/event-based synchronization, not just locks * Correct read-lock handling: No more blind spots for read-side dependencies * Continuous operation: Unlike lockdep, DEPT keeps running after reports, catching multiple deadlocks in a single session * Clean annotation API: Simple, intuitive interfaces for subsystem maintainers to refine detection * Battle-tested: Already catching real deadlocks as the links above demonstrate FALSE POSITIVES: THE HONEST CONVERSATION ---------------------------------------- Like any powerful detection tool, DEPT faces the false positive challenge. This is not unique to DEPT — lockdep spent years building its annotation infrastructure (lock classes, subclasses, lockdep_map) to separate real bugs from intentional patterns. DEPT is on the same journey. We have: * Event site recovery: Declare when an event has fallback paths * Subclass-based classification: Distinguish per-CPU, per-device, and modality-specific waits * Page usage tracking: Separate block device mappings from regular file mappings to avoid spurious reports (currently being worked on) But comprehensive annotation requires subsystem maintainer expertise. This is where I need your help. THE PATH TO MAINLINE -------------------- DEPT is marked EXPERIMENTAL in Kconfig for a reason. Like lockdep, it will mature through collaboration: 1. Core framework: Stabilized and ready for review 2. Subsystem pilots: Working with maintainers to add annotations where they matter most (mm, block, drm, networking, ...) 3. Gradual enablement: DEPT and lockdep coexist; DEPT takes over dependency checking when ready I am not proposing to replace lockdep. Lockdep's lock usage validation remains invaluable. The vision is: LOCKDEP: Validates correct lock usage | v DEPT: Performs dependency checking with full wait/event coverage WHY MERGE NOW? -------------- Some might suggest: "Fix all false positives out-of-tree first." But the affected subsystems span the entire kernel. Like lockdep's two-decade annotation journey, DEPT needs mainline visibility for: * Proper annotation placement (maintainers know their code best) * Real-world testing across configurations and workloads * Incremental improvement through community feedback CONFIG_DEPT is opt-in. It won't affect your default kernel build. But for those debugging complex synchronization issues, DEPT is ready to help today. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --------------- This work would not be possible without: Harry Yoo <harry.yoo(a)oracle.com> Gwan-gyeong Mun <gwan-gyeong.mun(a)intel.com> Yunseong Kim <ysk(a)kzalloc.com> Yeoreum Yun <yeoreum.yun(a)arm.com> And the countless kernel developers whose lockdep annotations over two decades showed us the path forward. FAQ --- Q. Isn't this the cross-release feature that got reverted? A. Cross-release (commit b09be676e0ff2) attempted to extend lockdep with wait/event tracking. It found real bugs but introduced false positives that masked further issues. DEPT learns from that experience with a cleaner design and flexible reporting that makes false positives less disruptive. Q. Why not build DEPT into lockdep? A. Lockdep is stable, battle-tested code. I chose separation because while DEPT borrows BFS and hashing ideas, the wait/event model requires rebuilding from scratch. Lockdep was designed for lock acquisition order — retrofitting it would risk its stability. Q. Will DEPT replace lockdep? A. No. Lockdep validates correct lock usage — that's not going away. DEPT supersedes only the dependency-checking logic when mature. Q. Should we merge DEPT now or wait for more annotations out-of-tree? A. Now. The annotation journey requires mainline collaboration. Lockdep didn't become useful overnight — it grew through maintainer contributions. DEPT needs the same path. Q. What if I enable DEPT and get false positives? A. That's the point — report them. Work with us to add annotations that distinguish your intentional patterns from real deadlocks. This is how lockdep became indispensable, and it's how DEPT will too. GETTING STARTED --------------- 1. Enable CONFIG_DEPT (EXPERIMENTAL) 2. Boot your kernel 3. Check dmesg for DEPT reports 4. Read Documentation/dev-tools/dept.rst for interpretation DEPT is a tool for understanding your code's synchronization behavior. Even if you never see a deadlock report, the visibility it provides is invaluable. I look forward to your feedback, patches, and collaboration. Let's make DEPT as indispensable to kernel developers as lockdep has been. --- Changes from v18: 1. Rebase on v7.0. 2. Add 'Reviewed-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton(a)kernel.org>' on 37th patch, 'SUNRPC: relocate struct rcu_head to the first field of struct rpc_xprt'. (thanks to Jeff Layton) 3. Refine and supplement dept documents and comments, and fix typos. (feedbacked by Bagas Sanjaya and Yunseong Kim) 4. Add __rust_helper to rust_helper_wait_for_completion(). (feedbacked by Dirk Behme) 5. Remove the part supporting recover events tracking - I will keep maintaining it out of tree tho - as it unnecessarily complicates the initial DEPT patchset and significantly increases the review burden. 6. Get rid of 'extern' keyword with function declarations. (feedbacked by Petr Pavlu) Changes from v17: 1. Rebase on the mainline as of 2025 Dec 5. 2. Convert the documents' format from txt to rst. (feedbacked by Jonathan Corbet and Bagas Sanjaya) 3. Move the documents from 'Documentation/dependency' to 'Documentation/dev-tools'. (feedbakced by Jonathan Corbet) 4. Improve the documentation. (feedbacked by NeilBrown) 5. Use a common function, enter_from_user_mode(), instead of arch specific code, to notice context switch from user mode. (feedbacked by Dave Hansen, Mark Rutland, and Mark Brown) 6. Resolve the header dependency issue by using dept's internal header, instead of relocating 'struct llist_{head,node}' to another header. (feedbacked by Greg KH) 7. Improve page(or folio) usage type APIs. 8. Add rust helper for wait_for_completion(). (feedbacked by Guangbo Cui, Boqun Feng, and Danilo Krummrich) 9. Refine some commit messages. Changes from v16: 1. Rebase on v6.17. 2. Fix a false positive from rcu (by Yunseong Kim) 3. Introduce APIs to set page's usage, dept_set_page_usage() and dept_reset_page_usage() to avoid false positives. 4. Consider lock_page() as a potential wait unconditionally. 5. Consider folio_lock_killable() as a potential wait unconditionally. 6. Add support for tracking PG_writeback waits and events. 7. Fix two build errors due to the additional debug information added by dept. (by Yunseong Kim) Changes from v15: 1. Fix typo and improve comments and commit messages (feedbacked by ALOK TIWARI, Waiman Long, and kernel test robot). 2. Do not stop dept on detection of cicular dependency of recover event, allowing to keep reporting. 3. Add SK hynix to copyright. 4. Consider folio_lock() as a potential wait unconditionally. 5. Fix Kconfig dependency bug (feedbacked by kernel test rebot). 6. Do not suppress reports that involve classes even that have already involved in other reports, allowing to keep reporting. Changes from v14: 1. Rebase on the current latest, v6.15-rc6. 2. Refactor dept code. 3. With multi event sites for a single wait, even if an event forms a circular dependency, the event can be recovered by other event(or wake up) paths. Even though informing the circular dependency is worthy but it should be suppressed once informing it, if it doesn't lead an actual deadlock. So introduce APIs to annotate the relationship between event site and recover site, that are, event_site() and dept_recover_event(). 4. wait_for_completion() worked with dept map embedded in struct completion. However, it generates a few false positves since all the waits using the instance of struct completion, share the map and key. To avoid the false positves, make it not to share the map and key but each wait_for_completion() caller have its own key by default. Of course, external maps also can be used if needed. 5. Fix a bug about hardirq on/off tracing. 6. Implement basic unit test for dept. 7. Add more supports for dma fence synchronization. 8. Add emergency stop of dept e.g. on panic(). 9. Fix false positives by mmu_notifier_invalidate_*(). 10. Fix recursive call bug by DEPT_WARN_*() and DEPT_STOP(). 11. Fix trivial bugs in DEPT_WARN_*() and DEPT_STOP(). 12. Fix a bug that a spin lock, dept_pool_spin, is used in both contexts of irq disabled and enabled without irq disabled. 13. Suppress reports with classes, any of that already have been reported, even though they have different chains but being barely meaningful. 14. Print stacktrace of the wait that an event is now waking up, not only stacktrace of the event. 15. Make dept aware of lockdep_cmp_fn() that is used to avoid false positives in lockdep so that dept can also avoid them. 16. Do do_event() only if there are no ecxts have been delimited. 17. Fix a bug that was not synchronized for stage_m in struct dept_task, using a spin lock, dept_task()->stage_lock. 18. Fix a bug that dept didn't handle the case that multiple ttwus for a single waiter can be called at the same time e.i. a race issue. 19. Distinguish each kernel context from others, not only by system call but also by user oriented fault so that dept can work with more accuracy information about kernel context. That helps to avoid a few false positives. 20. Limit dept's working to x86_64 and arm64. Changes from v13: 1. Rebase on the current latest version, v6.9-rc7. 2. Add 'dept' documentation describing dept APIs. Changes from v12: 1. Refine the whole document for dept. 2. Add 'Interpret dept report' section in the document, using a deadlock report obtained in practice. Hope this version of document helps guys understand dept better. https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/6383cde5-cf4b-facf-6e07-1378a485657d@I-love.SA… https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/1674268856-31807-1-git-send-email-byungchul.pa… Changes from v11: 1. Add 'dept' documentation describing the concept of dept. 2. Rewrite the commit messages of the following commits for using weaker lockdep annotation, for better description. fs/jbd2: Use a weaker annotation in journal handling cpu/hotplug: Use a weaker annotation in AP thread (feedbacked by Thomas Gleixner) Changes from v10: 1. Fix noinstr warning when building kernel source. 2. dept has been reporting some false positives due to the folio lock's unfairness. Reflect it and make dept work based on dept annotaions instead of just wait and wake up primitives. 3. Remove the support for PG_writeback while working on 2. I will add the support later if needed. 4. dept didn't print stacktrace for [S] if the participant of a deadlock is not lock mechanism but general wait and event. However, it made hard to interpret the report in that case. So add support to print stacktrace of the requestor who asked the event context to run - usually a waiter of the event does it just before going to wait state. 5. Give up tracking raw_local_irq_{disable,enable}() since it totally messed up dept's irq tracking. So make it work in the same way as lockdep does. I will consider it once any false positives by those are observed again. 6. Change the manual rwsem_acquire_read(->j_trans_commit_map) annotation in fs/jbd2/transaction.c to the try version so that it works as much as it exactly needs. 7. Remove unnecessary 'inline' keyword in dept.c and add '__maybe_unused' to a needed place. Changes from v9: 1. Fix a bug. SDT tracking didn't work well because of my big mistake that I should've used waiter's map to indentify its class but it had been working with waker's one. FYI, PG_locked and PG_writeback weren't affected. They still worked well. (reported by YoungJun) Changes from v8: 1. Fix build error by adding EXPORT_SYMBOL(PG_locked_map) and EXPORT_SYMBOL(PG_writeback_map) for kernel module build - appologize for that. (reported by kernel test robot) 2. Fix build error by removing header file's circular dependency that was caused by "atomic.h", "kernel.h" and "irqflags.h", which I introduced - appolgize for that. (reported by kernel test robot) Changes from v7: 1. Fix a bug that cannot track rwlock dependency properly, introduced in v7. (reported by Boqun and lockdep selftest) 2. Track wait/event of PG_{locked,writeback} more aggressively assuming that when a bit of PG_{locked,writeback} is cleared there might be waits on the bit. (reported by Linus, Hillf and syzbot) 3. Fix and clean bad style code e.i. unnecessarily introduced a randome pattern and so on. (pointed out by Linux) 4. Clean code for applying dept to wait_for_completion(). Changes from v6: 1. Tie to task scheduler code to track sleep and try_to_wake_up() assuming sleeps cause waits, try_to_wake_up()s would be the events that those are waiting for, of course with proper dept annotations, sdt_might_sleep_weak(), sdt_might_sleep_strong() and so on. For these cases, class is classified at sleep entrance rather than the synchronization initialization code. Which would extremely reduce false alarms. 2. Remove the dept associated instance in each page struct for tracking dependencies by PG_locked and PG_writeback thanks to the 1. work above. 3. Introduce CONFIG_dept_AGGRESIVE_TIMEOUT_WAIT to suppress reports that waits with timeout set are involved, for those who don't like verbose reporting. 4. Add a mechanism to refill the internal memory pools on running out so that dept could keep working as long as free memory is available in the system. 5. Re-enable tracking hashed-waitqueue wait. That's going to no longer generate false positives because class is classified at sleep entrance rather than the waitqueue initailization. 6. Refactor to make it easier to port onto each new version of the kernel. 7. Apply dept to dma fence. 8. Do trivial optimizaitions. Changes from v5: 1. Use just pr_warn_once() rather than WARN_ONCE() on the lack of internal resources because WARN_*() printing stacktrace is too much for informing the lack. (feedback from Ted, Hyeonggon) 2. Fix trivial bugs like missing initializing a struct before using it. 3. Assign a different class per task when handling onstack variables for waitqueue or the like. Which makes dept distinguish between onstack variables of different tasks so as to prevent false positives. (reported by Hyeonggon) 4. Make dept aware of even raw_local_irq_*() to prevent false positives. (reported by Hyeonggon) 5. Don't consider dependencies between the events that might be triggered within __schedule() and the waits that requires __schedule(), real ones. (reported by Hyeonggon) 6. Unstage the staged wait that has prepare_to_wait_event()'ed *and* yet to get to __schedule(), if we encounter __schedule() in-between for another sleep, which is possible if e.g. a mutex_lock() exists in 'condition' of ___wait_event(). 7. Turn on CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING when CONFIG_DEPT is on, to rely on the hardirq and softirq entrance tracing to make dept more portable for now. Changes from v4: 1. Fix some bugs that produce false alarms. 2. Distinguish each syscall context from another *for arm64*. 3. Make it not warn it but just print it in case dept ring buffer gets exhausted. (feedback from Hyeonggon) 4. Explicitely describe "EXPERIMENTAL" and "dept might produce false positive reports" in Kconfig. (feedback from Ted) Changes from v3: 1. dept shouldn't create dependencies between different depths of a class that were indicated by *_lock_nested(). dept normally doesn't but it does once another lock class comes in. So fixed it. (feedback from Hyeonggon) 2. dept considered a wait as a real wait once getting to __schedule() even if it has been set to TASK_RUNNING by wake up sources in advance. Fixed it so that dept doesn't consider the case as a real wait. (feedback from Jan Kara) 3. Stop tracking dependencies with a map once the event associated with the map has been handled. dept will start to work with the map again, on the next sleep. Changes from v2: 1. Disable dept on bit_wait_table[] in sched/wait_bit.c reporting a lot of false positives, which is my fault. Wait/event for bit_wait_table[] should've been tagged in a higher layer for better work, which is a future work. (feedback from Jan Kara) 2. Disable dept on crypto_larval's completion to prevent a false positive. Changes from v1: 1. Fix coding style and typo. (feedback from Steven) 2. Distinguish each work context from another in workqueue. 3. Skip checking lock acquisition with nest_lock, which is about correct lock usage that should be checked by lockdep. Changes from RFC(v0): 1. Prevent adding a wait tag at prepare_to_wait() but __schedule(). (feedback from Linus and Matthew) 2. Use try version at lockdep_acquire_cpus_lock() annotation. 3. Distinguish each syscall context from another. Byungchul Park (39): dept: implement DEPT(DEPendency Tracker) dept: add single event dependency tracker APIs dept: add lock dependency tracker APIs dept: tie to lockdep and IRQ tracing dept: add proc knobs to show stats and dependency graph dept: distinguish each kernel context from another dept: distinguish each work from another dept: add a mechanism to refill the internal memory pools on running out dept: record the latest one out of consecutive waits of the same class dept: apply sdt_might_sleep_{start,end}() to wait_for_completion()/complete() dept: apply sdt_might_sleep_{start,end}() to swait dept: apply sdt_might_sleep_{start,end}() to waitqueue wait dept: apply sdt_might_sleep_{start,end}() to hashed-waitqueue wait dept: apply sdt_might_sleep_{start,end}() to dma fence dept: track timeout waits separately with a new Kconfig dept: apply timeout consideration to wait_for_completion()/complete() dept: apply timeout consideration to swait dept: apply timeout consideration to waitqueue wait dept: apply timeout consideration to hashed-waitqueue wait dept: apply timeout consideration to dma fence wait dept: make dept able to work with an external wgen dept: track PG_locked with dept dept: print staged wait's stacktrace on report locking/lockdep: prevent various lockdep assertions when lockdep_off()'ed dept: add documents for dept cpu/hotplug: use a weaker annotation in AP thread dept: assign dept map to mmu notifier invalidation synchronization dept: assign unique dept_key to each distinct dma fence caller dept: make dept aware of lockdep_set_lock_cmp_fn() annotation dept: make dept stop from working on debug_locks_off() dept: assign unique dept_key to each distinct wait_for_completion() caller completion, dept: introduce init_completion_dmap() API dept: call dept_hardirqs_off() in local_irq_*() regardless of irq state dept: introduce APIs to set page usage and use subclasses_evt for the usage dept: track PG_writeback with dept SUNRPC: relocate struct rcu_head to the first field of struct rpc_xprt mm: percpu: increase PERCPU_DYNAMIC_SIZE_SHIFT on DEPT and large PAGE_SIZE rust: completion: Add __rust_helper to rust_helper_wait_for_completion() dept: implement a basic unit test for dept Yunseong Kim (1): rcu/update: fix same dept key collision between various types of RCU Documentation/dev-tools/dept.rst | 905 ++++++++ Documentation/dev-tools/dept_api.rst | 124 + Documentation/dev-tools/index.rst | 2 + drivers/dma-buf/dma-fence.c | 23 +- include/linux/completion.h | 124 +- include/linux/dept.h | 267 +++ include/linux/dept_ldt.h | 78 + include/linux/dept_sdt.h | 68 + include/linux/dept_unit_test.h | 61 + include/linux/dma-fence.h | 74 +- include/linux/hardirq.h | 3 + include/linux/irq-entry-common.h | 4 + include/linux/irqflags.h | 21 +- include/linux/local_lock_internal.h | 1 + include/linux/lockdep.h | 105 +- include/linux/lockdep_types.h | 3 + include/linux/mm_types.h | 4 + include/linux/mmu_notifier.h | 26 + include/linux/mutex.h | 1 + include/linux/page-flags.h | 217 +- include/linux/pagemap.h | 37 +- include/linux/percpu-rwsem.h | 2 +- include/linux/percpu.h | 4 + include/linux/rcupdate_wait.h | 13 +- include/linux/rtmutex.h | 1 + include/linux/rwlock_types.h | 1 + include/linux/rwsem.h | 1 + include/linux/sched.h | 111 + include/linux/seqlock.h | 2 +- include/linux/spinlock_types_raw.h | 3 + include/linux/srcu.h | 2 +- include/linux/sunrpc/xprt.h | 9 +- include/linux/swait.h | 3 + include/linux/wait.h | 3 + include/linux/wait_bit.h | 3 + init/init_task.c | 2 + init/main.c | 2 + kernel/Makefile | 1 + kernel/cpu.c | 2 +- kernel/dependency/Makefile | 5 + kernel/dependency/dept.c | 3222 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ kernel/dependency/dept_hash.h | 10 + kernel/dependency/dept_internal.h | 314 +++ kernel/dependency/dept_object.h | 13 + kernel/dependency/dept_proc.c | 94 + kernel/dependency/dept_unit_test.c | 149 ++ kernel/exit.c | 1 + kernel/fork.c | 2 + kernel/locking/lockdep.c | 33 + kernel/module/main.c | 2 + kernel/rcu/rcu.h | 1 + kernel/rcu/update.c | 5 +- kernel/sched/completion.c | 62 +- kernel/sched/core.c | 9 + kernel/workqueue.c | 3 + lib/Kconfig.debug | 48 + lib/debug_locks.c | 2 + lib/locking-selftest.c | 2 + mm/filemap.c | 38 + mm/mm_init.c | 3 + mm/mmu_notifier.c | 31 +- rust/helpers/completion.c | 5 + 62 files changed, 6247 insertions(+), 120 deletions(-) create mode 100644 Documentation/dev-tools/dept.rst create mode 100644 Documentation/dev-tools/dept_api.rst create mode 100644 include/linux/dept.h create mode 100644 include/linux/dept_ldt.h create mode 100644 include/linux/dept_sdt.h create mode 100644 include/linux/dept_unit_test.h create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/Makefile create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept.c create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept_hash.h create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept_internal.h create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept_object.h create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept_proc.c create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept_unit_test.c base-commit: 028ef9c96e96197026887c0f092424679298aae8 -- 2.17.1

8 hours, 49 minutes

Re: [PATCH v1] i2c: qcom-geni: Add dynamic transfer timeout based on transfer length and frequency

by Krzysztof Kozlowski

On 05/07/2026 15:46, Aniket Randive wrote: > The driver uses a static XFER_TIMEOUT of HZ (1 second) for all transfers > regardless of message length or bus frequency, causing unnecessary > delays on error paths. > > Compute the timeout dynamically from message length and bus frequency > with a 10x safety margin over the theoretical wire time and a 300ms > floor. For GPI multi-descriptor transfers, use the maximum message > length across all queued messages as the per-completion timeout. > > Signed-off-by: Aniket Randive <aniket.randive(a)oss.qualcomm.com> > --- > arch/arm64/configs/defconfig | 54 +++--------------------------- > drivers/i2c/busses/i2c-qcom-geni.c | 37 +++++++++++++++----- > 2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-) > > diff --git a/arch/arm64/configs/defconfig b/arch/arm64/configs/defconfig > index faf146441f97..841108ae2d01 100644 > --- a/arch/arm64/configs/defconfig > +++ b/arch/arm64/configs/defconfig > @@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ CONFIG_KALLSYMS_ALL=y > CONFIG_PROFILING=y > CONFIG_KEXEC=y > CONFIG_KEXEC_FILE=y > -CONFIG_CRASH_DUMP=y Irrelevant patch change. And not really correct - you base this on some old tree. Best regards, Krzysztof

9 hours, 10 minutes

[PATCH v18 00/42] DEPT(DEPendency Tracker)

by Byungchul Park

I'm happy to see that DEPT reported real problems in practice: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/6383cde5-cf4b-facf-6e07-1378a485657d@I-love.SA… https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/1674268856-31807-1-git-send-email-byungchul.pa… https://lore.kernel.org/all/b6e00e77-4a8c-4e05-ab79-266bf05fcc2d@igalia.com/ I’ve added documentation describing DEPT — this should help you understand what DEPT is and how it works. You can use DEPT simply by enabling CONFIG_DEPT and checking dmesg at runtime. --- Hi Linus and folks, I’ve been developing a tool to detect deadlock possibilities by tracking waits/events — rather than lock acquisition order — to cover all the synchronization mechanisms. To summarize the design rationale, starting from the problem statement, through analysis, to the solution: CURRENT STATUS -------------- Lockdep tracks lock acquisition order to identify deadlock conditions. Additionally, it tracks IRQ state changes — via {en,dis}able — to detect cases where locks are acquired unintentionally during interrupt handling. PROBLEM ------- Waits and their associated events that are never reachable can eventually lead to deadlocks. However, since Lockdep focuses solely on lock acquisition order, it has inherent limitations when handling waits and events. Moreover, by tracking only lock acquisition order, Lockdep cannot properly handle read locks or cross-event scenarios — such as wait_for_completion() and complete() — making it increasingly inadequate as a general-purpose deadlock detection tool. SOLUTION -------- Once again, waits and their associated events that are never reachable can eventually lead to deadlocks. The new solution, DEPT, focuses directly on waits and events. DEPT monitors waits and events, and reports them when any become unreachable. DEPT provides: * Correct handling of read locks. * Support for general waits and events. * Continuous operation, even after multiple reports. * Simple, intuitive annotation APIs. There are still false positives, and some are already being worked on for suppression. Especially splitting the folio class into several appropriate classes e.g. block device mapping class and regular file mapping class, is currently under active development by me and Yeoreum Yun. Anyway, these efforts will need to continue for a while, as we’ve seen with lockdep over two decades. DEPT is tagged as EXPERIMENTAL in Kconfig — meaning it’s not yet suitable for use as an automation tool. However, for those who are interested in using DEPT to analyze complex synchronization patterns and extract dependency insights, DEPT would be a great tool for the purpose. Thanks for your support and contributions to: Harry Yoo <harry.yoo(a)oracle.com> Gwan-gyeong Mun <gwan-gyeong.mun(a)intel.com> Yunseong Kim <ysk(a)kzalloc.com> Yeoreum Yun <yeoreum.yun(a)arm.com> FAQ --- Q. Is this the first attempt to solve this problem? A. No. The cross-release feature (commit b09be676e0ff2) attempted to address it — as a Lockdep extension. It was merged, but quickly reverted, because: While it uncovered valuable hidden issues, it also introduced false positives. Since these false positives mask further real problems with Lockdep — and developers strongly dislike them — the feature was rolled back. Q. Why wasn’t DEPT built as a Lockdep extension? A. Lockdep is the result of years of work by kernel developers — and is now very stable. But I chose to build DEPT separately, because: While reusing BFS(Breadth First Search) and Lockdep’s hashing is beneficial, the rest of the system must be rebuilt from scratch to align with DEPT’s wait-event model — since Lockdep was originally designed for tracking lock acquisition orders, not wait-event dependencies. Q. Do you plan to replace Lockdep entirely? A. Not at all — Lockdep still plays a vital role in validating correct lock usage. While its dependency-checking logic should eventually be superseded by DEPT, the rest of its functionality should stay. Q. Should we replace the dependency check immediately? A. Absolutely not. Lockdep’s stability is the result of years of hard work by kernel developers. Lockdep and DEPT should run side by side until DEPT matures. Q. Stronger detection often leads to more false positives — which was a major pain point when cross-release was added. Is DEPT designed to handle this? A. Yes. DEPT’s simple, generalized design enables flexible reporting — so while false positives still need fixing, they’re far less disruptive than they were under the Lockdep extension, cross-release. Q. Why not fix all false positives out-of-tree before merging? A. Since the affected subsystems span the entire kernel, like Lockdep, which has relied on annotations to avoid false positives over the last two decades, DEPT too will require the annotation efforts. Performing annotation work within the mainline will help us add annotations more appropriately and will also make DEPT a useful tool for a wider range of users more quickly. CONFIG_DEPT is marked EXPERIMENTAL, so it’s opt-in. Some users are already interested in using DEPT to analyze complex synchronization patterns and extract dependency insights. Byungchul --- Changes from v17: 1. Rebase on the mainline as of 2025 Dec 5. 2. Convert the documents' format from txt to rst. (feedbacked by Jonathan Corbet and Bagas Sanjaya) 3. Move the documents from 'Documentation/dependency' to 'Documentation/dev-tools'. (feedbakced by Jonathan Corbet) 4. Improve the documentation. (feedbacked by NeilBrown) 5. Use a common function, enter_from_user_mode(), instead of arch specific code, to notice context switch from user mode. (feedbacked by Dave Hansen, Mark Rutland, and Mark Brown) 6. Resolve the header dependency issue by using dept's internal header, instead of relocating 'struct llist_{head,node}' to another header. (feedbacked by Greg KH) 7. Improve page(or folio) usage type APIs. 8. Add rust helper for wait_for_completion(). (feedbacked by Guangbo Cui, Boqun Feng, and Danilo Krummrich) 9. Refine some commit messages. Changes from v16: 1. Rebase on v6.17. 2. Fix a false positive from rcu (by Yunseong Kim) 3. Introduce APIs to set page's usage, dept_set_page_usage() and dept_reset_page_usage() to avoid false positives. 4. Consider lock_page() as a potential wait unconditionally. 5. Consider folio_lock_killable() as a potential wait unconditionally. 6. Add support for tracking PG_writeback waits and events. 7. Fix two build errors due to the additional debug information added by dept. (by Yunseong Kim) Changes from v15: 1. Fix typo and improve comments and commit messages (feedbacked by ALOK TIWARI, Waiman Long, and kernel test robot). 2. Do not stop dept on detection of cicular dependency of recover event, allowing to keep reporting. 3. Add SK hynix to copyright. 4. Consider folio_lock() as a potential wait unconditionally. 5. Fix Kconfig dependency bug (feedbacked by kernel test rebot). 6. Do not suppress reports that involve classes even that have already involved in other reports, allowing to keep reporting. Changes from v14: 1. Rebase on the current latest, v6.15-rc6. 2. Refactor dept code. 3. With multi event sites for a single wait, even if an event forms a circular dependency, the event can be recovered by other event(or wake up) paths. Even though informing the circular dependency is worthy but it should be suppressed once informing it, if it doesn't lead an actual deadlock. So introduce APIs to annotate the relationship between event site and recover site, that are, event_site() and dept_recover_event(). 4. wait_for_completion() worked with dept map embedded in struct completion. However, it generates a few false positves since all the waits using the instance of struct completion, share the map and key. To avoid the false positves, make it not to share the map and key but each wait_for_completion() caller have its own key by default. Of course, external maps also can be used if needed. 5. Fix a bug about hardirq on/off tracing. 6. Implement basic unit test for dept. 7. Add more supports for dma fence synchronization. 8. Add emergency stop of dept e.g. on panic(). 9. Fix false positives by mmu_notifier_invalidate_*(). 10. Fix recursive call bug by DEPT_WARN_*() and DEPT_STOP(). 11. Fix trivial bugs in DEPT_WARN_*() and DEPT_STOP(). 12. Fix a bug that a spin lock, dept_pool_spin, is used in both contexts of irq disabled and enabled without irq disabled. 13. Suppress reports with classes, any of that already have been reported, even though they have different chains but being barely meaningful. 14. Print stacktrace of the wait that an event is now waking up, not only stacktrace of the event. 15. Make dept aware of lockdep_cmp_fn() that is used to avoid false positives in lockdep so that dept can also avoid them. 16. Do do_event() only if there are no ecxts have been delimited. 17. Fix a bug that was not synchronized for stage_m in struct dept_task, using a spin lock, dept_task()->stage_lock. 18. Fix a bug that dept didn't handle the case that multiple ttwus for a single waiter can be called at the same time e.i. a race issue. 19. Distinguish each kernel context from others, not only by system call but also by user oriented fault so that dept can work with more accuracy information about kernel context. That helps to avoid a few false positives. 20. Limit dept's working to x86_64 and arm64. Changes from v13: 1. Rebase on the current latest version, v6.9-rc7. 2. Add 'dept' documentation describing dept APIs. Changes from v12: 1. Refine the whole document for dept. 2. Add 'Interpret dept report' section in the document, using a deadlock report obtained in practice. Hope this version of document helps guys understand dept better. https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/6383cde5-cf4b-facf-6e07-1378a485657d@I-love.SA… https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/1674268856-31807-1-git-send-email-byungchul.pa… Changes from v11: 1. Add 'dept' documentation describing the concept of dept. 2. Rewrite the commit messages of the following commits for using weaker lockdep annotation, for better description. fs/jbd2: Use a weaker annotation in journal handling cpu/hotplug: Use a weaker annotation in AP thread (feedbacked by Thomas Gleixner) Changes from v10: 1. Fix noinstr warning when building kernel source. 2. dept has been reporting some false positives due to the folio lock's unfairness. Reflect it and make dept work based on dept annotaions instead of just wait and wake up primitives. 3. Remove the support for PG_writeback while working on 2. I will add the support later if needed. 4. dept didn't print stacktrace for [S] if the participant of a deadlock is not lock mechanism but general wait and event. However, it made hard to interpret the report in that case. So add support to print stacktrace of the requestor who asked the event context to run - usually a waiter of the event does it just before going to wait state. 5. Give up tracking raw_local_irq_{disable,enable}() since it totally messed up dept's irq tracking. So make it work in the same way as lockdep does. I will consider it once any false positives by those are observed again. 6. Change the manual rwsem_acquire_read(->j_trans_commit_map) annotation in fs/jbd2/transaction.c to the try version so that it works as much as it exactly needs. 7. Remove unnecessary 'inline' keyword in dept.c and add '__maybe_unused' to a needed place. Changes from v9: 1. Fix a bug. SDT tracking didn't work well because of my big mistake that I should've used waiter's map to indentify its class but it had been working with waker's one. FYI, PG_locked and PG_writeback weren't affected. They still worked well. (reported by YoungJun) Changes from v8: 1. Fix build error by adding EXPORT_SYMBOL(PG_locked_map) and EXPORT_SYMBOL(PG_writeback_map) for kernel module build - appologize for that. (reported by kernel test robot) 2. Fix build error by removing header file's circular dependency that was caused by "atomic.h", "kernel.h" and "irqflags.h", which I introduced - appolgize for that. (reported by kernel test robot) Changes from v7: 1. Fix a bug that cannot track rwlock dependency properly, introduced in v7. (reported by Boqun and lockdep selftest) 2. Track wait/event of PG_{locked,writeback} more aggressively assuming that when a bit of PG_{locked,writeback} is cleared there might be waits on the bit. (reported by Linus, Hillf and syzbot) 3. Fix and clean bad style code e.i. unnecessarily introduced a randome pattern and so on. (pointed out by Linux) 4. Clean code for applying dept to wait_for_completion(). Changes from v6: 1. Tie to task scheduler code to track sleep and try_to_wake_up() assuming sleeps cause waits, try_to_wake_up()s would be the events that those are waiting for, of course with proper dept annotations, sdt_might_sleep_weak(), sdt_might_sleep_strong() and so on. For these cases, class is classified at sleep entrance rather than the synchronization initialization code. Which would extremely reduce false alarms. 2. Remove the dept associated instance in each page struct for tracking dependencies by PG_locked and PG_writeback thanks to the 1. work above. 3. Introduce CONFIG_dept_AGGRESIVE_TIMEOUT_WAIT to suppress reports that waits with timeout set are involved, for those who don't like verbose reporting. 4. Add a mechanism to refill the internal memory pools on running out so that dept could keep working as long as free memory is available in the system. 5. Re-enable tracking hashed-waitqueue wait. That's going to no longer generate false positives because class is classified at sleep entrance rather than the waitqueue initailization. 6. Refactor to make it easier to port onto each new version of the kernel. 7. Apply dept to dma fence. 8. Do trivial optimizaitions. Changes from v5: 1. Use just pr_warn_once() rather than WARN_ONCE() on the lack of internal resources because WARN_*() printing stacktrace is too much for informing the lack. (feedback from Ted, Hyeonggon) 2. Fix trivial bugs like missing initializing a struct before using it. 3. Assign a different class per task when handling onstack variables for waitqueue or the like. Which makes dept distinguish between onstack variables of different tasks so as to prevent false positives. (reported by Hyeonggon) 4. Make dept aware of even raw_local_irq_*() to prevent false positives. (reported by Hyeonggon) 5. Don't consider dependencies between the events that might be triggered within __schedule() and the waits that requires __schedule(), real ones. (reported by Hyeonggon) 6. Unstage the staged wait that has prepare_to_wait_event()'ed *and* yet to get to __schedule(), if we encounter __schedule() in-between for another sleep, which is possible if e.g. a mutex_lock() exists in 'condition' of ___wait_event(). 7. Turn on CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING when CONFIG_DEPT is on, to rely on the hardirq and softirq entrance tracing to make dept more portable for now. Changes from v4: 1. Fix some bugs that produce false alarms. 2. Distinguish each syscall context from another *for arm64*. 3. Make it not warn it but just print it in case dept ring buffer gets exhausted. (feedback from Hyeonggon) 4. Explicitely describe "EXPERIMENTAL" and "dept might produce false positive reports" in Kconfig. (feedback from Ted) Changes from v3: 1. dept shouldn't create dependencies between different depths of a class that were indicated by *_lock_nested(). dept normally doesn't but it does once another lock class comes in. So fixed it. (feedback from Hyeonggon) 2. dept considered a wait as a real wait once getting to __schedule() even if it has been set to TASK_RUNNING by wake up sources in advance. Fixed it so that dept doesn't consider the case as a real wait. (feedback from Jan Kara) 3. Stop tracking dependencies with a map once the event associated with the map has been handled. dept will start to work with the map again, on the next sleep. Changes from v2: 1. Disable dept on bit_wait_table[] in sched/wait_bit.c reporting a lot of false positives, which is my fault. Wait/event for bit_wait_table[] should've been tagged in a higher layer for better work, which is a future work. (feedback from Jan Kara) 2. Disable dept on crypto_larval's completion to prevent a false positive. Changes from v1: 1. Fix coding style and typo. (feedback from Steven) 2. Distinguish each work context from another in workqueue. 3. Skip checking lock acquisition with nest_lock, which is about correct lock usage that should be checked by lockdep. Changes from RFC(v0): 1. Prevent adding a wait tag at prepare_to_wait() but __schedule(). (feedback from Linus and Matthew) 2. Use try version at lockdep_acquire_cpus_lock() annotation. 3. Distinguish each syscall context from another. Byungchul Park (41): dept: implement DEPT(DEPendency Tracker) dept: add single event dependency tracker APIs dept: add lock dependency tracker APIs dept: tie to lockdep and IRQ tracing dept: add proc knobs to show stats and dependency graph dept: distinguish each kernel context from another dept: distinguish each work from another dept: add a mechanism to refill the internal memory pools on running out dept: record the latest one out of consecutive waits of the same class dept: apply sdt_might_sleep_{start,end}() to wait_for_completion()/complete() dept: apply sdt_might_sleep_{start,end}() to swait dept: apply sdt_might_sleep_{start,end}() to waitqueue wait dept: apply sdt_might_sleep_{start,end}() to hashed-waitqueue wait dept: apply sdt_might_sleep_{start,end}() to dma fence dept: track timeout waits separately with a new Kconfig dept: apply timeout consideration to wait_for_completion()/complete() dept: apply timeout consideration to swait dept: apply timeout consideration to waitqueue wait dept: apply timeout consideration to hashed-waitqueue wait dept: apply timeout consideration to dma fence wait dept: make dept able to work with an external wgen dept: track PG_locked with dept dept: print staged wait's stacktrace on report locking/lockdep: prevent various lockdep assertions when lockdep_off()'ed dept: add documents for dept cpu/hotplug: use a weaker annotation in AP thread dept: assign dept map to mmu notifier invalidation synchronization dept: assign unique dept_key to each distinct dma fence caller dept: make dept aware of lockdep_set_lock_cmp_fn() annotation dept: make dept stop from working on debug_locks_off() dept: assign unique dept_key to each distinct wait_for_completion() caller completion, dept: introduce init_completion_dmap() API dept: introduce a new type of dependency tracking between multi event sites dept: add module support for struct dept_event_site and dept_event_site_dep dept: introduce event_site() to disable event tracking if it's recoverable dept: implement a basic unit test for dept dept: call dept_hardirqs_off() in local_irq_*() regardless of irq state dept: introduce APIs to set page usage and use subclasses_evt for the usage dept: track PG_writeback with dept SUNRPC: relocate struct rcu_head to the first field of struct rpc_xprt mm: percpu: increase PERCPU_DYNAMIC_SIZE_SHIFT on DEPT and large PAGE_SIZE Yunseong Kim (1): rcu/update: fix same dept key collision between various types of RCU Documentation/dev-tools/dept.rst | 778 ++++++ Documentation/dev-tools/dept_api.rst | 125 + drivers/dma-buf/dma-fence.c | 23 +- include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h | 13 +- include/linux/completion.h | 124 +- include/linux/dept.h | 402 +++ include/linux/dept_ldt.h | 78 + include/linux/dept_sdt.h | 68 + include/linux/dept_unit_test.h | 67 + include/linux/dma-fence.h | 74 +- include/linux/hardirq.h | 3 + include/linux/irq-entry-common.h | 4 + include/linux/irqflags.h | 21 +- include/linux/local_lock_internal.h | 1 + include/linux/lockdep.h | 105 +- include/linux/lockdep_types.h | 3 + include/linux/mm_types.h | 4 + include/linux/mmu_notifier.h | 26 + include/linux/module.h | 5 + include/linux/mutex.h | 1 + include/linux/page-flags.h | 217 +- include/linux/pagemap.h | 37 +- include/linux/percpu-rwsem.h | 2 +- include/linux/percpu.h | 4 + include/linux/rcupdate_wait.h | 13 +- include/linux/rtmutex.h | 1 + include/linux/rwlock_types.h | 1 + include/linux/rwsem.h | 1 + include/linux/sched.h | 118 + include/linux/seqlock.h | 2 +- include/linux/spinlock_types_raw.h | 3 + include/linux/srcu.h | 2 +- include/linux/sunrpc/xprt.h | 9 +- include/linux/swait.h | 3 + include/linux/wait.h | 3 + include/linux/wait_bit.h | 3 + init/init_task.c | 2 + init/main.c | 2 + kernel/Makefile | 1 + kernel/cpu.c | 2 +- kernel/dependency/Makefile | 5 + kernel/dependency/dept.c | 3499 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ kernel/dependency/dept_hash.h | 10 + kernel/dependency/dept_internal.h | 314 +++ kernel/dependency/dept_object.h | 13 + kernel/dependency/dept_proc.c | 94 + kernel/dependency/dept_unit_test.c | 173 ++ kernel/exit.c | 1 + kernel/fork.c | 2 + kernel/locking/lockdep.c | 33 + kernel/module/main.c | 19 + kernel/rcu/rcu.h | 1 + kernel/rcu/update.c | 5 +- kernel/sched/completion.c | 62 +- kernel/sched/core.c | 9 + kernel/workqueue.c | 3 + lib/Kconfig.debug | 48 + lib/debug_locks.c | 2 + lib/locking-selftest.c | 2 + mm/filemap.c | 38 + mm/mm_init.c | 3 + mm/mmu_notifier.c | 31 +- rust/helpers/completion.c | 5 + 63 files changed, 6602 insertions(+), 121 deletions(-) create mode 100644 Documentation/dev-tools/dept.rst create mode 100644 Documentation/dev-tools/dept_api.rst create mode 100644 include/linux/dept.h create mode 100644 include/linux/dept_ldt.h create mode 100644 include/linux/dept_sdt.h create mode 100644 include/linux/dept_unit_test.h create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/Makefile create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept.c create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept_hash.h create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept_internal.h create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept_object.h create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept_proc.c create mode 100644 kernel/dependency/dept_unit_test.c base-commit: 43dfc13ca972988e620a6edb72956981b75ab6b0 -- 2.17.1

10 hours, 49 minutes

Unlocking Wordplay: A Guide to the Connections Game

by profound.cheetah.kect＠hidingmail.net

In a world brimming with complex video games and immersive online experiences, sometimes the most satisfying entertainment comes from a simple yet brilliant word puzzle. The Connections Game, a daily online brain-teaser, offers just that – a delightful challenge that tests your vocabulary, logic, and lateral thinking. If you’re looking for a fresh way to engage your mind and expand your word association skills, then stepping into the world of Connections Game is a fantastic choice. https://connectionsgamefree.com What is Connections Game? At its heart, Connections is a game about finding hidden relationships between words. Each day, you're presented with 16 seemingly disparate words. Your task is to group these words into four sets of four, with each set sharing a common thread or category. The categories can be anything from "Types of Fruit" to "Words that Rhyme with 'Blue'" or even more abstract connections that require a bit of outside-the-box thinking. The beauty of the game lies in its simplicity and the sheer satisfaction of uncovering those clever links. You can experience it firsthand at Connections Game. The Gameplay Unpacked When you open the game, you'll see all 16 words laid out before you. To play, you simply click on four words you believe belong together. Once you’ve selected your quartet, you hit the "Submit" button. Correct Guess: If your four words form a valid category, they will disappear, and the category will be revealed. You'll then move on to the remaining words. Incorrect Guess: If your guess is wrong, the words will remain on the board, and you'll lose one of your four allowed mistakes. That's right – you only get four incorrect attempts before the game ends! This adds a delicious layer of pressure and strategic thinking. The categories are color-coded, ranging from "Yellow" (easiest) to "Purple" (most difficult/obscure). Often, the trickiest part is recognizing "red herrings" – words that seem to fit into multiple categories, making you second-guess your initial assumptions. Tips for Success To truly master the Connections Game, here are a few friendly tips: Read All the Words First: Before clicking anything, take a moment to scan all 16 words. Look for obvious groupings first. Are there any four words that immediately jump out as being related? Look for Obvious Categories: Sometimes, one or two categories will be relatively straightforward. Tackling these first can clear up the board and make the remaining words easier to analyze. Consider Different Meanings: Many words have multiple meanings. Don't get stuck on just one interpretation. For example, "bat" could refer to a flying mammal or a piece of sports equipment. Think About Wordplay and Sounds: Categories aren't always about literal definitions. They can involve synonyms, antonyms, rhyming words, or even words that form a phrase when combined. Utilize Your Mistakes Wisely: Remember, you only have four chances. If you’re unsure, it’s often better to hold off on a guess until you have a stronger conviction. Sometimes, eliminating other categories can clarify ambiguous words. Don't Be Afraid to Rearrange: Mentally (or even physically, if you're playing on a device that allows it) rearrange the words. Seeing them in a different order can sometimes spark new connections. Conclusion The Connections Game is more than just a pastime; it's a daily brain workout that's both challenging and incredibly rewarding. It encourages you to think critically, expand your vocabulary, and see the intricate relationships between words. Whether you're a seasoned wordsmith or just looking for a fun new way to pass the time, give it a try – you might just find your new favorite daily ritual! You can access the game daily at Connections Game.

13 hours, 18 minutes

Re: [PATCH v2] dma-buf: remove unused dma-fence-unwrap.c (stable/linux-5.15.y only)

by Sasha Levin

On Thu, 2026-07-03 at 14:28 +0000, Tudor Ambarus wrote: > The file drivers/dma-buf/dma-fence-unwrap.c was incorrectly added to > the 5.15.y stable branch in commit 4e82b9c11d3c ("dma-buf: add > dma_fence_timestamp helper") as a new file, but it was never enabled in > the Makefile, and its header include/linux/dma-fence-unwrap.h was not > present, making it uncompilable. Queued for 5.15.y, thanks. -- Thanks, Sasha

1 day, 1 hour

[PATCH 0/5] drm/sched: Introduce the miracle of locking to entity

by Philipp Stanner

Both Tvrtko [1] and I [2] have recently proposed some improvals for drm_sched. While taking Tvrtko's feedback into account for my patch, I realized that both his and my patch can be fully replaced with a bigger and far more beautiful series. If I am not mistaken, it turns out that the entire entity->entity_idle completion is also nothing but a workaround around the grave mistake of not using the greatest helper with parallel programming that exists in computer science: Locking. This series adds locking to the last_scheduled field and all checks related to detect the idleness of the entity. As before, the job_scheduled event queue causes the periodic checks. This way, we can get rid of memory barriers, RCU, a few lines of code, make things more readable, understandable... Tested with drm-sched-unit tests. I'm a bit busy right now, but wanted to show you guys the idea. Before merging I'd test it more exhaustively with Nouveau. Greetings, Philipp [1] https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20260611123423.39819-1-tvrtko.ursulin@iga… [2] https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20260626081942.2122144-2-phasta@kernel.or… Philipp Stanner (5): drm/sched: Protect entity->last_scheduled with spinlock drm/sched: Lock spsc_queue in drm_sched_entity_pop_job() drm/sched: Avoid lock cycle for sched_entity drm/sched: Lock drm_sched_entity_is_idle() drm/sched: Remove entity->entity_idle drivers/gpu/drm/scheduler/sched_entity.c | 75 +++++++++++------------- drivers/gpu/drm/scheduler/sched_main.c | 2 - drivers/gpu/drm/scheduler/sched_rq.c | 5 +- include/drm/gpu_scheduler.h | 16 ++--- 4 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-) base-commit: be4f10d44757211fd656fa57f37034657f26c883 -- 2.54.0

3 days

Re: [PATCH v3 07/11] dma-buf: heaps: Add debugfs support

by Maxime Ripard

On Wed, 1 Jul 2026 18:08:18 +0200, Thierry Reding wrote: > From: Thierry Reding <treding(a)nvidia.com> > > Add a callback to struct dma_heap_ops that heap providers can implement > to show information about the state of the heap in debugfs. A top-level > directory named "dma_heap" is created in debugfs and individual files > > [ ... ] Reviewed-by: Maxime Ripard <mripard(a)kernel.org> Thanks! Maxime

3 days, 2 hours

[PATCH] dma-buf: dma-heap: close installed fd when copy_to_user() fails

by Baineng Shou

DMA_HEAP_IOCTL_ALLOC allocates a dma-buf and installs an fd into the caller's fd table via fd_install() before dma_heap_ioctl() copies the result back to userspace. If the trailing copy_to_user() fails, the ioctl returns -EFAULT and userspace never learns the fd number, but the fd (and the underlying dma-buf reference) remain in the caller's fd table and are leaked for the lifetime of the process. The failure is easily reachable from userspace: pass a struct dma_heap_allocation_data that lives in a page whose protection is flipped to PROT_READ between copy_from_user() and copy_to_user() (e.g. via mprotect()). Each such ioctl leaks one dmabuf fd; repeating the call quickly fills /proc/<pid>/fd with anonymous "/dmabuf:" entries that only go away when the process exits. Fix it by closing the installed fd (and clearing the fd field of the kernel-side copy) when copy_to_user() fails after a successful allocation, so the error path matches what userspace observes: no fd was returned, therefore no fd is left behind. Fixes: c02a81fba74f ("dma-buf: Add dma-buf heaps framework") Cc: stable(a)vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Baineng Shou <shoubaineng(a)gmail.com> --- Reproducer (full source, gcc -o poc poc.c; run as root): // poc.c -- leak one dma-buf fd per DMA_HEAP_IOCTL_ALLOC // when copy_to_user() fails #include <fcntl.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/ioctl.h> #include <sys/mman.h> #include <linux/dma-heap.h> int main(int argc, char **argv) { int n = argc > 1 ? atoi(argv[1]) : 100; long ps = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE); int heap = open("/dev/dma_heap/system", O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC); if (heap < 0) return perror("open"), 1; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { /* Put a valid request in a page, then make the page * read-only: copy_from_user() still succeeds and the * dma-buf is allocated and fd_install()'d, but the * trailing copy_to_user() fails and the fd, never * returned to us, is leaked. */ struct dma_heap_allocation_data *req = mmap(NULL, ps, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0); memset(req, 0, sizeof(*req)); req->len = ps; req->fd_flags = O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC; mprotect(req, ps, PROT_READ); ioctl(heap, DMA_HEAP_IOCTL_ALLOC, req); /* -EFAULT */ munmap(req, ps); } printf("done: check ls -l /proc/%d/fd for %d leaked fds\n", getpid(), n); pause(); return 0; } Before the fix, ./poc 10 leaves 10 anonymous dmabuf fds in the caller's fd table: # ls -l /proc/$(pgrep poc)/fd lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Jan 1 00:03 3 -> /dev/dma_heap/system lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Jan 1 00:03 4 -> /dmabuf: lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Jan 1 00:03 5 -> /dmabuf: lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Jan 1 00:03 6 -> /dmabuf: lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Jan 1 00:03 7 -> /dmabuf: lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Jan 1 00:03 8 -> /dmabuf: lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Jan 1 00:03 9 -> /dmabuf: lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Jan 1 00:03 10 -> /dmabuf: lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Jan 1 00:03 11 -> /dmabuf: lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Jan 1 00:03 12 -> /dmabuf: lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Jan 1 00:03 13 -> /dmabuf: After the fix, only /dev/dma_heap/system remains open; the anonymous "/dmabuf:" entries are gone. drivers/dma-buf/dma-heap.c | 11 ++++++++++- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-heap.c b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-heap.c index a76bf3f8b071..0dd7a84b06bf 100644 --- a/drivers/dma-buf/dma-heap.c +++ b/drivers/dma-buf/dma-heap.c @@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ #include <linux/uaccess.h> #include <linux/xarray.h> #include <uapi/linux/dma-heap.h> +#include <linux/fdtable.h> #define DEVNAME "dma_heap" @@ -181,8 +182,16 @@ static long dma_heap_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int ucmd, goto err; } - if (copy_to_user((void __user *)arg, kdata, out_size) != 0) + if (copy_to_user((void __user *)arg, kdata, out_size) != 0) { + if (kcmd == DMA_HEAP_IOCTL_ALLOC && ret == 0) { + struct dma_heap_allocation_data *h = (void *)kdata; + + close_fd(h->fd); + h->fd = -1; + } ret = -EFAULT; + } + err: if (kdata != stack_kdata) kfree(kdata); -- 2.34.1

3 days, 6 hours

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