Linaro-mm-sig

linaro-mm-sig@lists.linaro.org

69 participants
7097 discussions

[PATCH v3 0/2] dma-buf: fix fd leak when copy_to_user() fails after fd_install()

by Baineng Shou

Several drivers call dma_buf_fd() — which internally calls fd_install() — before copy_to_user() returns the fd number to userspace. If copy_to_user() fails, the fd is already published in the caller's fd table but the ioctl returns an error, so userspace never learns the fd number. Worse, the window between fd_install() and copy_to_user() allows other threads to observe and manipulate the fd (dup, close, SCM_RIGHTS), making any "close it on the failure path" fix unsafe. The fix is to split the allocation into three steps: reserve an fd with get_unused_fd_flags() (not yet visible to other threads), do copy_to_user(), and only then publish the fd with fd_install() via the new dma_buf_fd_install() helper. On copy_to_user() failure, put_unused_fd() + dma_buf_put() cleanly unwind with no user-visible side effects. Patch 1 introduces dma_buf_fd_install() in dma-buf.c (wrapping fd_install() together with the DMA_BUF_TRACE call to preserve export tracing) and applies the fix to dma-heap. Patch 2 applies the same fix to fastrpc, which even had a comment acknowledging the problem could not be fixed before. v1: https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20260703080922.1838362-1-shoubaineng@gmai… v2: https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20260710105430.3059661-1-shoubaineng@gmai… Changes in v3: - Split into two patches (dma-heap + fastrpc separately) - Add dma_buf_fd_install() to preserve trace_dma_buf_fd tracepoint (spotted by T.J. Mercier and sashiko-bot on v2) - Add fastrpc fix using the new helper (suggested by T.J. Mercier) Baineng Shou (2): dma-buf: dma-heap: don't publish fd before copy_to_user() succeeds misc: fastrpc: don't publish fd before copy_to_user() succeeds drivers/dma-buf/dma-buf.c | 20 ++++++++++ drivers/dma-buf/dma-heap.c | 80 +++++++++++++++++++------------------- drivers/misc/fastrpc.c | 16 +++----- include/linux/dma-buf.h | 1 + 4 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-) -- 2.34.1

9 hours, 18 minutes

[PATCH v3 00/10] Add dmabuf read/write via io_uring

by Pavel Begunkov

The patch set allows to register a dmabuf to an io_uring instance for a specified file and use it with io_uring read / write requests. The infrastructure is not tied to io_uring and there could be more users in the future. A similar idea was attempted some years ago by Keith [1], from where I borrowed a good number of changes, and later was brough up by Tushar and Vishal from Intel. It's an opt-in feature for files, and they need to implement a new file operation to use it. Only NVMe block devices are supported in this series. The user API is built on top of io_uring's "registered buffers", where a dmabuf is registered in a special way, but after it can be used as any other "registered buffer" with IORING_OP_{READ,WRITE}_FIXED requests. It's created via a new file operation and the resulted map is then passed through the I/O stack in a new iterator type. There is some additional infrastructure to bind it all, which also counts requests using a dmabuf map and managing lifetimes, which is used to implement map invalidation. It was tested for GPU <-> NVMe transfers. Also, as it maintains a long-term dma mapping, it helps with the IOMMU cost. The numbers below are for udmabuf reads previously run by Anuj for different IOMMU modes: - STRICT: before = 570 KIOPS, after = 5.01 MIOPS - LAZY: before = 1.93 MIOPS, after = 5.01 MIOPS - PASSTHROUGH: before = 5.01 MIOPS, after = 5.01 MIOPS There are some liburing tests that can serve as an example: git: https://github.com/isilence/liburing.git rw-dmabuf-tests-v3 url: https://github.com/isilence/liburing/tree/rw-dmabuf-tests-v3 [1] https://lore.kernel.org/io-uring/20220805162444.3985535-1-kbusch@fb.com/ v3: - Rework io_uring registration - Move token/map infrastructure code out of blk-mq - Simplify callbacks: remove a separate blk-mq table, which was mostly just forwarding calls (to nvme). - Don't skip dma sync depending on request direction - Fix a couple of hangs - Rename s/dma/dmabuf/ - Other small changes v2: - Don't pass raw dma addresses, wrap it into a driver specific object - Split into two objects: token and map - Implement move_notify Pavel Begunkov (10): file: add callback for creating long-term dmabuf maps iov_iter: add iterator type for dmabuf maps block: move bvec init into __bio_clone block: introduce dma map backed bio type lib: add dmabuf token infrastructure block: forward create_dmabuf_token to drivers nvme-pci: implement dma_token backed requests io_uring/rsrc: introduce buf registration structure io_uring/rsrc: extend buffer update io_uring/rsrc: add dmabuf backed registered buffers block/bio.c | 28 +++- block/blk-merge.c | 14 ++ block/blk.h | 3 +- block/fops.c | 16 ++ drivers/nvme/host/pci.c | 282 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ include/linux/bio.h | 19 ++- include/linux/blk-mq.h | 9 + include/linux/blk_types.h | 8 +- include/linux/fs.h | 2 + include/linux/io_dmabuf_token.h | 92 +++++++++++ include/linux/io_uring_types.h | 5 + include/linux/uio.h | 11 ++ include/uapi/linux/io_uring.h | 31 +++- io_uring/io_uring.c | 3 +- io_uring/rsrc.c | 266 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----- io_uring/rsrc.h | 30 +++- io_uring/rw.c | 4 +- lib/Kconfig | 4 + lib/Makefile | 2 + lib/io_dmabuf_token.c | 272 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ lib/iov_iter.c | 29 +++- 21 files changed, 1071 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-) create mode 100644 include/linux/io_dmabuf_token.h create mode 100644 lib/io_dmabuf_token.c -- 2.53.0

14 hours, 29 minutes

Independence for dma_fences! v6

by Christian König

Hi everyone, dma_fences have ever lived under the tyranny dictated by the module lifetime of their issuer, leading to crashes should anybody still holding a reference to a dma_fence when the module of the issuer was unloaded. The basic problem is that when buffer are shared between drivers dma_fence objects can leak into external drivers and stay there even after they are signaled. The dma_resv object for example only lazy releases dma_fences. So what happens is that when the module who originally created the dma_fence unloads the dma_fence_ops function table becomes unavailable as well and so any attempt to release the fence crashes the system. Previously various approaches have been discussed, including changing the locking semantics of the dma_fence callbacks (by me) as well as using the drm scheduler as intermediate layer (by Sima) to disconnect dma_fences from their actual users, but none of them are actually solving all problems. Tvrtko did some really nice prerequisite work by protecting the returned strings of the dma_fence_ops by RCU. This way dma_fence creators where able to just wait for an RCU grace period after fence signaling before they could be save to free those data structures. Now this patch set here goes a step further and protects the whole dma_fence_ops structure by RCU, so that after the fence signals the pointer to the dma_fence_ops is set to NULL when there is no wait nor release callback given. All functionality which use the dma_fence_ops reference are put inside an RCU critical section, except for the deprecated issuer specific wait and of course the optional release callback. Additional to the RCU changes the lock protecting the dma_fence state previously had to be allocated external. This set here now changes the functionality to make that external lock optional and allows dma_fences to use an inline lock and be self contained. v4: Rebases the whole set on upstream changes, especially the cleanup from Philip in patch "drm/amdgpu: independence for the amdkfd_fence!". Adding two patches which brings the DMA-fence self tests up to date. The first selftest changes removes the mock_wait and so actually starts testing the default behavior instead of some hacky implementation in the test. This one got upstreamed independent of this set. The second drops the mock_fence as well and tests the new RCU and inline spinlock functionality. v5: Rebase on top of drm-misc-next instead of drm-tip, leave out all driver changes for now since those should go through the driver specific paths anyway. Address a few more review comments, especially some rebase mess and typos. And finally fix one more bug found by AMDs CI system. v6: Minor style changes, re-ordered patch #1, dropped the scheduler fence change for now Please review and comment, Christian.

15 hours, 8 minutes

[RFC PATCH 1/2] dma-buf/udmabuf: Introduce CONFIG_UDMABUF_SIZE_LIMIT_MBYTES

by Robert Mader

As udmabuf increasingly enjoys popularity - being used in projects like libcamera, Gstreamer, Mesa and KWin - users more frequently encounter cases where the current default size limit of 64MB is too low. Examples include allocating video buffers at a 8K resolution - and even 4K is affected when using non-subsampled video formats or high bit depths. While the limit can already be changed via the kernel command line, exposing it as a kernel config makes that easier and more discoverable for distros. Thus let's do that. Signed-off-by: Robert Mader <robert.mader(a)collabora.com> --- drivers/dma-buf/Kconfig | 6 ++++++ drivers/dma-buf/udmabuf.c | 4 ++++ 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+) diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/Kconfig b/drivers/dma-buf/Kconfig index 7efc0f0d0712..35f0779cdc80 100644 --- a/drivers/dma-buf/Kconfig +++ b/drivers/dma-buf/Kconfig @@ -40,6 +40,12 @@ config UDMABUF A driver to let userspace turn memfd regions into dma-bufs. Qemu can use this to create host dmabufs for guest framebuffers. +config UDMABUF_SIZE_LIMIT_MBYTES + int "Size limit in Mega Bytes" + default 64 + help + Maximum size of a udmabuf, in megabytes. Default is 64. + config DMABUF_DEBUG bool "DMA-BUF debug checks" depends on DMA_SHARED_BUFFER diff --git a/drivers/dma-buf/udmabuf.c b/drivers/dma-buf/udmabuf.c index bced421c0d65..a83153326362 100644 --- a/drivers/dma-buf/udmabuf.c +++ b/drivers/dma-buf/udmabuf.c @@ -20,7 +20,11 @@ static int list_limit = 1024; module_param(list_limit, int, 0644); MODULE_PARM_DESC(list_limit, "udmabuf_create_list->count limit. Default is 1024."); +#ifdef CONFIG_UDMABUF_SIZE_LIMIT_MBYTES +static int size_limit_mb = CONFIG_UDMABUF_SIZE_LIMIT_MBYTES; +#else static int size_limit_mb = 64; +#endif module_param(size_limit_mb, int, 0644); MODULE_PARM_DESC(size_limit_mb, "Max size of a dmabuf, in megabytes. Default is 64."); -- 2.55.0

17 hours, 8 minutes

Re: [RFC PATCH 10/30] vfio/pci: Export vfio dma-buf specific info for importers

by Jason Gunthorpe

On Thu, May 29, 2025 at 01:34:53PM +0800, Xu Yilun wrote: > Export vfio dma-buf specific info by attaching vfio_dma_buf_data in > struct dma_buf::priv. Provide a helper vfio_dma_buf_get_data() for > importers to fetch these data. Exporters identify VFIO dma-buf by > successfully getting these data. > > VFIO dma-buf supports disabling host access to these exported MMIO > regions when the device is converted to private. Exporters like KVM > need to identify this type of dma-buf to decide if it is good to use. > KVM only allows host unaccessible MMIO regions been mapped in private > roots. > > Export struct kvm * handler attached to the vfio device. This > allows KVM to do another sanity check. MMIO should only be assigned to > a CoCo VM if its owner device is already assigned to the same VM. This doesn't seem right, it should be encapsulated into the standard DMABUF API in some way. Jason

1 day

+2348166580486 #How to join ritual money occult in Japan for wealth without human sacrifice

by zedichorah＠gmail.com

+234816 658 0486 #LOOKING FOR HOW TO JOIN A SECRET BROTHERHOOD FOR SUCCESS, WEALTH, FAME, PROTECTION AND POWER. CONTACT THE TEMPLE GRANDMASTER TO BE FREE FROM POVERTY AND STRUGGLING. ZEDICHORAH BROTHERHOOD OCCULT IS A SACRED FRATERNITY WITH A GRAND LODGE TEMPLE SITUATED IN NIGERIA, #AFRICA. BUT CAN GET YOU INITIATED INTO THE BROTHERHOOD FROM ALL OF THE WORLD #ITALY, #GERMANY, #USA, #LONDON, #CANADA, #SAUDI ARABIA, #MALAYSIA, #EUROPE, #GHANA, #CAMEROON, #ZAMBIA, #LIBYA, #LIBERIA. #DUBAI, #Nigeria, #Italy, #Switzerland, #Canada, #Zimbabwe, #United Arab Emirates (Dubai), #Sweden, #Germany, #Malaysia #India, #Egypt, #California, #South Africa, #Kuwait, #Turkey, #Belgium, #Saudi Arabia, #Johannesburg, #Lebanon, #Zambia, #USA, #Kenya, #Dallas, #Spain, #Jamaica, #St Lucia, #Brazil, #Austria,#Vancouver, #Denmark, #Hong Kong, #China, #Pretoria, #Durban, #Wales, #France, #Harare, #Cairo, #Philippines, #Norway, #Sweden, #Cameroon, #Botswana, #Capetown, #Namibia, #Tanzania, #Northern Cape, #New York, #Limpopo, #London, #Venezuela, #Chile, #Sweden, #Denmark, #Rwanda, #Oman, #Qatar, #Dubai, #Poland, *Lesotho, #England #United Kingdom, #Ghana and more. HERE IN THIS GREAT ILLUMINATI AND HONORABLE OCCULT OUR NUMBER ONE OBLIGATION IS TO MAKE EVERY INITIATE MEMBER HERE RICH AND FAMOUS IN OTHER TO PRAISE THE POWERS THE LORD SPIRITUAL GUARDIANS OF AGE. SEARCHING ON HOW TO JOIN THE ZEDICHORAH BROTHERHOOD MONEY RITUAL OCCULT IS NOT THE PROBLEM BUT MAKE SURE YOU"VE THOUGHT ABOUT IT VERY WELL BEFORE REACHING US HERE BECAUSE NOT EVERYONE HAS THE HEART TO DO WHAT IT TAKES TO BECOME ONE OF US HERE, BUT IF YOU THINK YOU"RE SERIOUS MINDED AND READY TO RUN THE SPIRITUAL RACE OF LIFE IN OTHER TO ACQUIRE ALL YOU NEED HERE ON EARTH CONTACT SPIRITUAL GRANDMASTER NOW FOR INQUIRY +234816 658 0486 +234816 658 0486 OFTEN MANY HAS VENTURED INTO SPIRITUAL MEANS OF ACQUIRING LUXURY BUT ONLY FEW GET TO THE PEAK WHEN IT COMES TO SPIRITUAL WEALTH AND LUXURY NOT BECAUSE THEY ARE SPIRITUALLY INFECTED OR UNWORTHY BUT IT"S ON CLEARER VIEW TO THE HUMAN WORLD NOW TO ACTUALLY KNOW THAT IT TAKES A GREAT SACRIFICE AND OFFERING TO PIERCE THE HEART OF THE SPIRITUAL WORLD IN ORDER TO MAKE A REQUEST NOT JUST TO MAKE A REQUEST BUT TO GET ANSWERS AND POSITIVE RESPONSE FROM THE SPIRITUAL GUARDIANS OF AGE. WE THE INITIATE MEMBERS OF ZEDICHORAH. BROTHERHOOD HAVE BEEN ABLE TO GAIN A SPIRITUAL CLOSE GUARDED SECRET OF ACQUIRING WEALTH POWER & PROTECTION FROM THE GUARDIANS OF AGE THROUGH THE ORDERS OF THE TEMPLE GRANDMASTER AND OTHER SPIRITUAL LEADERS OF THE GRAND LODGE TEMPLE. +234816 658 0486 WE KNOW VERY WELL THAT EVERYONE THINKS THEY HAVE ALL IT TAKES TO BE RICH AND FAMOUS NOT MINDING THE FACT THAT ONLY FEW HAS THE ABILITY AND GRACE TO BE WEALTHY, BECAUSE IF MAKING WEALTH WAS THAT EASY EVERYONE SHOULD HAVE BEEN WEALTHY BY NOW. MAKING ENQUIRIES TO JOIN US HERE MIGHT BE OPEN FOR EVERYONE BUT NOT EVERYONE IS ACCEPTED AT THE END OF THE DAY. ZEDICHORAH BROTHERHOOD OCCULT IS NOT FOR THE RICH OR POOR BUT FOR THE “DESTINED TO BE RICH” IT DOESN'T MATTER WHERE YOU ARE COMING FROM OR WHO YOU THINK YOU"RE, ONCE YOUR DESTINY MATCHES WITH THE SPIRITUAL HEART OF THIS HONORABLE OCCULT YOU "RE CERTAIN TO BE ACCEPTED AND TRANSFORMED FROM POOR TO RICH OR RICH TO RICHER & POWERFUL. ALL ZEDICHORAH BROTHERHOOD INITIATE MEMBERS ARE ENTITLED TO EVERYTHING THAT MAKES LIFE WORTH LIVING NO MATTER HOW EXPENSIVE IT MIGHT BE, CARS, HOUSES, LUXURIOUS LIFE BUT ONE THING YOU MUST PUT FIRST IS COURAGE AND BRAVERY BECAUSE THOSE ARE THE KEYS TO UNLOCK TO ONES FORTUNE, AND BEFORE ANY MAN/WOMAN CAN BE ACCEPTED HERE HE OR SHE IS EXPECTED TO HAVE MADE UP HIS OR HER MIND KNOWING THE TASK AHEAD, THOUGH WE DO NOT USE HUMAN BLOOD FOR SACRIFICE BUT DO NOT BE DECEIVED THAT MAKING MONAY DOES"NT REQUIRED"S SACRIFICE"S. WE USE SOME SPECIAL ANIMAL BLOOD AND SERIES OF OTHER RITUAL MATERIALS TO PLEASE THE LORD SPIRITUAL GUARDIANS OF AGE, TO ACCEPT YOU AFTER WHICH YOU"LL BE ENDOWED WITH RICHES AND LUXURY BUT KNOW THAT THERE"SA GRAND PRIZE TO PAY WHICH IS YOU OFFERING YOUR SOUL TO THE LORD LUCIFER AT CERTAIN STAGE {75YRS} NOTHING ELSE WILL BE REQUIRED UNTIL YOUR LAST SACRIFICIAL RITE AND MONEY WILL NOT BE YOUR PROBLEM AGAIN UNTIL YOU DIE. THERE 7 SACRED RULES GUIDING THIS SACRED OCCULT WHICH MAKES IT EASY AND THE BEST FRATERNITY TO BELONG TO, THIS RULES CAN ONLY BE DISCLOSED TO AN ALREADY INITIATED MEMBER, STRICT MEASURES ARE APPLIED IN TERMS OF KEEPING THE SECRETS OF THIS GREAT OCCULT WHICH IS INSTANT DEATH , SO IF YOU KNOW YOU CAN"T KEEP SHUT WHEN THE CLOSE GUARDED SECRETS ARE BEEN GIVING TO YOU DURING YOUR INITIATION RITUAL; DO YOURSELF GOOD BY STAYING AWAY OTHER THAN BRINGING CALAMITY UPON YOURSELF AND HOUSEHOLD. THE ZEDICHORAH BROTHERHOOD WAS FOUNDED IN INDIA BY AFRICAN BROTHERS WHO TOOK DECISION TO CHANGE THE COURSE OF NATURE IN OTHER FOR LIFE TO BE EASY IN THE EARLY DAYS OF ALLAQUATHAMIN, THERE BY MAKING THE HOME OF THE LORD ZEDICHORAH BROTHERHOOD TO BE IN AFRICA, WE HAVE OUR TEMPLES HERE IN AFRICA OF WHICH THE GRAND LODGE TEMPLE HQ IS SITUATED IN A HIDDEN LOCATION IN PORT HARCOURT RIVER"S STATE NIGERIA. MANY INDIVIDUALS HAS TAKEN THE RISK OF ATTEMPTING #I_WANT_TO_JOIN_ILLUMINATI #I_WANT-TO-JOIN_THE_FREE_ MASONS #I_WANT_TO_JOIN_ODD_FELLOWS AND MANY OTHER SEARCH REQUESTS; THOUGH THERE"RE OTHER FRATERNITIES LIKE MENTIONED ABOVE BUT THE BAD NEWS IS YOU CAN NEVER BE LINKED TO ANY OF THIS OCCULTS BY ANYONE UNLESS THEY WANT TO GIVE YOU FALSE HOPES THEREBY EXTORTING FROM YOU. BECAUSE THE ILLUMINATI, FREE MASONS, ODD FELLOWS AND OTHERS WILL COME FOR YOU ONLY WHEN YOU"RE RICH AND FAMOUS, IN OTHER TO USE YOUR INFLUENCE TO GET TO MORE FAMOUS AND WEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND SECONDLY THESE FRATERNITIES HAS THERE COUNTRIES AND CONTINENT WHERE THEY ACCEPT PEOPLE …EG EUROPE, ASIAN, NORTH-AMERICA. ETC AFRICA IS BELIEVED TO BE THE BLACK SHEEP OF THE CONTINENT THERE BY DISREGARDING WHATEVER CONCERNS AFRICA APART FROM EXTORTION AND ILLEGAL EXPORTATIONS OF MAMA AFRICA'S MINERAL RESOURCES; THE ZEDICHORAH BROTHERHOOD OCCULT ACCEPTS ANYONE HENCE YOU"RE HUMAN AND YOUR DESTINY MATCHES WITH THE SECRET HEART OF THIS BROTHERHOOD, IN ADDITION YOU"VE GOT TO HAVE THE HEART TO DO WHATEVER IT TAKES TO BECOME ONE OF US NOT MINDING YOUR ANXIETY & FEARS. BECAUSE OF FRAUDULENT ACTIVITIES WE,VE SEALED EVERY ONLINE ENQUIRIES THROUGH FALSE AGENTS OR FALSE CONTACTS PRETENDING TO BE COMING FROM THE ZEDICHORAH BROTHERHOOD TEMPLE MEDIA, FOR THIS REASON IT'S NOW ON THE DECISIONS OF THE TEMPLE GRANDMASTER TO ACCEPT, CONFIRM & CERTIFY ANY INTERESTED INDIVIDUAL WHO HAVE DECIDED TO JOIN THIS BROTHERHOOD UNDER THE SPIRITUAL GUARDIANS OF THE {SGM LS. HIGH CHIEF UCHEMBA CHRIS} IF YOU'RE STILL OUT THERE THINKING ON #HOW #TO #JOIN #OCCULT #FOR #MONEY #RITUAL, FOR WORK-PROMOTION, BUSINESS-GROWTH, JOB-PROMOTION, FAME, POWER, WEALTH, POLITICAL APPOINTMENT AND OTHER GOOD THINGS OF LIFE CONTACT TEMPLE GRANDMASTER TODAY FOR ENQUIRIES TO KNOW IF YOUR DESTINY WILL BE ACCEPTED HERE, CALL NOW +2348166580486 HAVE YOU BEEN LOOKING FOR A WAY TO END POVERTY IN YOUR LIFE AND YOU HAVE GONE MANY PLACES FOR SPIRITUAL HELP WITH NO GOOD RESULT, THIS IS THE FINAL STAGE OF YOUR STRUGGLING IN LIFE JUST CONTACT THE ZEDICHORAH BROTHERHOOD THE HOME OF WEALTH TODAY AND HAVE YOUR FINANCIAL BREAKTHROUGH. THIS IS A GREAT OPPORTUNITY GIVEN TO THE WISE PEOPLE IN AFRICA, ARE YOU FRUSTRATED IN LIFE. +234816 658 0486 WELCOME TO ZEDICHORAH BROTHERHOOD OF MONEY AND FAME WE ARE HERE TO EDUCATE EVERYONE WHO ARE INTERESTED IN BECOMING A MEMBER OF AN SECRET SOCIETY FOR ENDLESS WEALTH AND POWER, WE ARE HERE TO REDUCE THE LEVEL OF POVERTY IN THE WORLD, IF YOU WANT TO BE LIKE @E-MONEY, @ALHAJI DANGOTE, @CHIEF IFEANYI UBA, @CHIEF AMAECHI AND ALL OTHER RICH MEN ALL OVER THE WORLD. JOIN ZEDICHORAH BROTHERHOOD OCCULT NOW FOR THIS GREAT OPPORTUNITY TO LIBERATE YOUR FAMILY FROM THE SHACKLES OF POVERTY YOU FOUND YOURSELF AND TURN INTO LIGHT TODAY, WE ARE HERE TO MAKE THE POOR TO BECOME RICH AND THE RICH ONES TO BECOME RICHER. WE ARE SORRY ABOUT WHAT IS HAPPENING ONLINE BE CAREFUL ILLUMINATI IS NOT AFRICAN TRADITION IS MADE FOR THE RICH ONES AND THE FAMOUS THIS IS FOR THOSE OF YOU TALKING OF ILLUMINATI, CALL OUR SPIRITUAL GRAND MASTER FOR MORE INQUIRERS +234816 658 0486 #I WANT TO JOIN OCCULT #I WANT TO JOIN OCCULT TO BE RICH AND FAMOUS #I WANT TO JOIN SECRET SOCIETY IN AFRICA #I WANT TO JOIN OCCULT IN GHANA #I WANT TO JOIN OCCULT TO BE FREE FROM MY ENEMY #I WANT TO BELONG TO RICH FAMILY #I WANT TO JOIN OCCULT FOR PROTECTION #I WANT TO JOIN OCCULT TO BE WEALTHY LIFE #I WANT TO JOIN TO MAKE MY DREAMS TO COME TO PASS #I WANT TO JOIN OCCULT FOR MONEY RITUAL #I WANT TO JOIN OCCULT FRATERNITY #I WANT TO JOIN OCCULT GROUP FOR SUCCESS #I WANT TO JOIN OCCULT TEMPLE TO MAKE REAL MONEY #I WANT TO JOIN REAL OCCULT FOR PROMOTION IN MY BUSINESS, SEND {EMAIL} zedichorah80(a)gmail.com I WANT TO BELONG TO THE RICH AND WEALTHY OCCULT SOCIETY ONLINE TO BE RICH INSTANTLY ZEDICHORAH BROTHERHOOD OCCULT IS HERE TO TO SHOW YOU THE EASY AND SHUTTER WAY OF MAKE MONEY TO LIVE A LUXURY LIFE. +234816 658 0486 I WANT TO JOIN SECRET BROTHERHOOD OCCULT TO BE AMONG THE RICHEST MEN IN THE WORD, JOIN ZEDICHORAH BROTHERHOOD OCCULT WITHOUT HUMAN SACRIFICE, WHAT WE USE HERE IS ONLY SPECIAL ANIMAL BLOODS AND SERIES OF OTHER SACRIFICIAL ITEMS WE USE THEM TO TALK TO THE LORD SPIRITUAL, THE GUARDIANS OF AGE, AND EVERY OF YOUR REQUEST WILL BE GRANTED. JOIN US TODAY AND BE WEALTHY AND FAMOUS AND SHAKE HANDS WITH OUR LORD LUCIFER THE POWER OF WEALTH AND RICHES. FOR MORE INFORMATION AND ENQUIRIES CALL +234816 658 0486 OUR MAIN AIM AND MISSION IS TO HELP ALL AFRICAN YOUTHS TO LIVE THE LIFE OF THEIR DREAMS, JOIN OCCULT FOR WEALTH/MONEY, FAME, POWER, PROTECTION,INSTANT RICE AND LUCK YOUR CLIENT THEM STAY FOR LIFE. If you've been living in hardship all through your life time– here is the opportunity to change the course of nature for the betterment of your future, join Zedichorah occult the billionaire's club to reshape your dreams and live a fulfilled destiny in your life time, won't you allow yourself to finally relax? enjoy life and live to your expectations don't miss this greatest opportunity you may never see it again. Zedichorah Brotherhood is an organization whose activities and inner functioning are concealed for non-members. Zedichorah Brotherhood is an organized conspiracy working in secret to achieve a hidden agenda. Members use secrecy to protect themselves and their movement. Critics view as malevolent organizations working against the general will of mankind, Members may be required to conceal or deny their membership, and they are often sworn to hold the sacred secret of this Brotherhood occult by an oath. Violating the oath may result in the application of severe sanctions. Like the most successful forgeries, We are not suppose to be on the internet but because of this comments: 'i want to join occult in nigeria' 'i want to join real occult in ghana' 'i want to join occult in africa to be rich' 'i want to join good occult fraternity in nigeria' 'i want to join great illuminati in nigeria to be rich' 'i want to join illuminati occult in nigeria/africa' 'i want to join illuminati brotherhood in nigeria' we are now here for only interested one's. We have received several emails regarding our stories in the media about joining the Zedichorah brotherhood occult. Most people have asked how they can join, while others simply wanted to understand the phenomenon further. Today, we look at how to join this secret society. According to the rules and regulations on how to join The family, the promise of wealth, success, power and domination simply by joining Zedichorah occult is heresy. Powerful, Influential, intelligent, entrepreneurial, successful and wealthy individuals make up the brotherhood order. In order to join the billionaire's occult Hello!! What challenges are you facing in life today, is it poverty/frustrations, Are you through with your education and no job employment? Are you a marketer no improvement You have tried all you can to make sure you are successful, famous, rich, powerful but nothing have work out for you, right now a great opportunity is giving to you to change your life for good, contact temple grandmaster +234816658 0486 Why not start today to build that happiness, prosperity, inner power and peace by joining the Zedichorah Brotherhood? @We don't share or sell your details to third parties, your details are secured without fear, because we have pastors, imams, musicians, politicians, students, lawyers and other individuals. We accept everyone who is interested in becoming one of us despite your religion don't worry about your details. Call now to make more inquiry +234816 658 0486 WE HAVE OUR GRAND LODGE TEMPLE SITUATED HERE IN GRA PHASE 1 PORT HARCOURT RIVERS STATE NIGERIA. CALL +234816 658 0486

1 day, 9 hours

WE SUPPLY CALUANIE OXIDIZE WORLDWIDE WhatsApp(+44 7397 620325)buy Caluanie Muelear Oxidize Parteurize russia?

by make.olise3＠gmail.com

We sale good quality Heavy water caluanie oxidize made in US. Buy Caluanie Oxidize online usa Where to buy Caluanie Oxide online usa Wholesale Caluanie Oxide online. Caluanie Muelear Oxidize For sale. Chemicals are widely used across various manufacturing industries for a wide range of purposes. Caluaine Oxidize is one of the most demanded products in the metal or chemical processing sector. Some of its core applications include: CALUANIE MUELEAR OXIDIZE Caluanie Muelear Oxidize for sale Caluanie is widely used in the chemical, paint industry as a substitute hygroscopic agent. It is widely applicable to the coatings, inks, plastics and printing inks industries. Available Packaging: 5L & bulk packaging as from 20L, 50L, 100L or as per buyer’s request. Caluanie Muelear Oxidize Parteurized (Heavy Water) Contact us now WhatsApp(+44 7397 620325) WhatsApp(+44 7397 620325) {{Telegram @Frink002 }} Email.( caluanieoxidized(a)gmail.com ) We're a Premium wholesaler & Retailer of Pure Red Mercury Online. We supply Pure Red Liquid Mercury of great quality. Our Pure Red Liquid Mercury, is highly demanded by industries world over to products a wide variety of products. It is high grade & perfectly composed Pure Red Liquid Mercury.WhatsApp(+44 7397620325) Pure Red Mercury ships worldwide with 100% guarantee of delivering your product on time. PACKAGING : 10gram of Red liquid mercury Red liquid mercury The red liquid mercury is a semi-liquid material cherry-red. The intensity of red liquid mercury is very high 20.2 g/ cm3. This Hg2 Sb207+O liquid is the Military Labs Material: Red liquid mercury Other name: Cherry Red liquid mercury Formula: Sb2O7Hg2+O Appearance: Cherry Red metal liquid Application: Mainly used in rocket, missile, military prospecting areas.WhatsApp(+44 7397620325) WhatsApp(+44 7397620325) {{Telegram @Frink002 }} Email.( caluanieoxidized(a)gmail.com )

1 day, 14 hours

Pips NYT Puzzle Guide for Daily Brain Training and Fun

by dynamic.unicorn.fsqs＠hidepost.net

Discover Why Pips NYT Has Become a Daily Favorite Pips NYT has become one of the most interesting daily word and logic challenges for puzzle enthusiasts. Every new puzzle presents a fresh opportunity to test observation, reasoning, and pattern recognition. Many players enjoy adding Pips NYT to a morning routine because each challenge takes only a few minutes while delivering a satisfying mental workout. https://pipsly.io/ Unlike many traditional puzzle games, Pips NYT encourages careful thinking instead of random guessing. Every move matters, and every clue contributes to a complete solution. This balance between simplicity and challenge has helped the game attract both beginners and experienced puzzle fans. Daily puzzle games continue to gain popularity because they provide entertainment while improving cognitive skills. Pips NYT stands out by offering an engaging experience that rewards patience, logic, and attention to detail. What Is Pips NYT? Pips NYT is a daily puzzle game that focuses on identifying patterns, analyzing clues, and reaching accurate conclusions. Every puzzle follows a structured format, allowing players to develop strategies while still encountering fresh challenges each day. Each new puzzle introduces unique combinations that require logical thinking rather than memorization. Success depends on understanding relationships between clues and making informed decisions throughout the solving process. Many players appreciate the accessibility of Pips NYT because anyone can begin without extensive preparation. A few minutes of practice often leads to noticeable improvement, making every completed puzzle feel rewarding. Simple Rules Create Meaningful Challenges One reason behind the growing popularity of Pips NYT is the straightforward learning curve. Basic rules remain consistent, allowing players to focus on solving rather than learning new mechanics every day. Although each puzzle starts with limited information, careful analysis gradually reveals the correct solution. This progression keeps every session interesting while encouraging logical reasoning. Every Puzzle Feels Different Randomized puzzle layouts ensure that no two daily challenges feel exactly the same. Different clue arrangements require flexible thinking and prevent repetitive gameplay. This variety keeps players motivated to return each day for another unique experience. Why Pips NYT Has Become So Popular Several factors contribute to the increasing popularity of Pips NYT among puzzle enthusiasts around the world. Daily challenges encourage consistent participation without requiring a large time commitment. Most puzzles can be completed during a coffee break, lunch break, or commute. Balanced difficulty keeps beginners engaged while providing enough complexity for experienced players. Every solved puzzle delivers a satisfying sense of accomplishment. A growing online community shares solving techniques, discusses strategies, and celebrates successful completions. Friendly competition encourages continuous improvement while making every puzzle more enjoyable. Benefits of Playing Pips NYT Every Day Regular puzzle solving provides more than simple entertainment. Many players notice improvements in several important cognitive skills after making Pips NYT part of a daily routine. Stronger Logical Thinking Each puzzle encourages players to evaluate evidence carefully before making decisions. Logical reasoning becomes stronger through repeated practice. Better Pattern Recognition Recognizing recurring structures becomes easier with experience. Faster identification of meaningful patterns often leads to quicker solutions. Improved Concentration Completing a puzzle requires sustained attention. Daily practice helps strengthen focus while reducing careless mistakes. Enhanced Problem Solving Players gradually learn how to divide larger challenges into smaller steps. This structured approach can support problem solving in many everyday situations. Relaxing Mental Exercise Many players enjoy the calm, focused experience that Pips NYT provides. Solving puzzles offers a productive break from busy schedules while keeping the mind active. Effective Strategies for Solving Pips NYT Developing consistent habits can significantly improve solving accuracy and efficiency. Study Every Clue Carefully Reading every clue before making the first move provides valuable context. Early observations often reveal relationships that become important later. Avoid Rushing Quick guesses may create unnecessary confusion. Careful analysis usually produces better results than moving too quickly. Eliminate Impossible Options Removing incorrect possibilities narrows available choices and makes the remaining solution easier to identify. Review Previous Decisions Occasionally revisiting earlier conclusions helps identify overlooked details or incorrect assumptions before they become larger problems. Practice Consistently Daily practice gradually builds confidence and improves recognition of common puzzle structures. Even short sessions contribute to long-term improvement. Common Mistakes While Playing Pips NYT Many beginners encounter similar obstacles during early attempts. Ignoring small clues often leads to incorrect conclusions because seemingly minor details may connect multiple parts of the puzzle. Guessing without sufficient evidence increases the likelihood of mistakes and creates unnecessary complications later. Rushing through difficult sections frequently causes players to overlook valuable information that could simplify the solution. Giving up too early prevents valuable learning opportunities. Every completed puzzle helps develop stronger analytical skills for future challenges. How Beginners Can Improve Faster New players can accelerate progress by approaching each puzzle methodically. Start with the most obvious clues before tackling more complicated sections. Building confidence through small successes creates momentum for solving the remaining puzzle. Review completed puzzles whenever possible. Understanding previous solutions helps reinforce effective strategies and improve future performance. Maintain patience throughout the solving process. Improvement comes naturally through regular practice rather than speed alone. Comparing different solving approaches can also reveal new techniques that make future puzzles easier to complete. Why Pips NYT Continues to Grow Daily puzzle games continue attracting new audiences because they combine entertainment with meaningful mental exercise. Pips NYT fits naturally into busy lifestyles by offering engaging challenges without requiring lengthy play sessions. Regular updates keep gameplay fresh while encouraging long-term participation. Consistent puzzle quality helps maintain player interest throughout the year. As more people discover the enjoyment of logical puzzle solving, Pips NYT continues building a loyal community that values curiosity, critical thinking, and continuous learning. Final Thoughts Pips NYT offers an enjoyable combination of logic, observation, and daily mental exercise. Straightforward rules make every puzzle accessible, while carefully designed challenges provide lasting satisfaction for players of all experience levels. Whether the goal is improving problem-solving skills, sharpening concentration, or simply enjoying a few relaxing minutes each day, Pips NYT delivers a rewarding experience that continues to attract puzzle enthusiasts worldwide. Regular practice, thoughtful analysis, and patience remain the most effective tools for mastering every new challenge.

1 day, 15 hours

Why Saving Your Game Can Be One of the Most Stressful Moments in Horror

by explicit.gerbil.htxg＠hidingmail.net

Saving progress should feel comforting. You've survived a difficult section. You've made it through another encounter. Your progress is secure. In theory, a save point represents safety. Yet some of the most memorable horror games somehow make saving feel tense. I've always found that fascinating. In most genres, saving is a completely mechanical action. You barely think about it. Open a menu, press a button, move on. In horror games, however, save systems often become part of the experience itself. Sometimes they even become part of the fear. Safety Feels Temporary One thing horror games understand exceptionally well is that safety and danger become more meaningful when they exist side by side. A safe room feels comforting because the rest of the world doesn't. A save point feels valuable because progress can be lost. That contrast creates emotional weight. I still remember older survival horror games where reaching a save location felt like completing a journey. Not because the act of saving was exciting. Because getting there was. Every hallway between me and that room carried risk. Every enemy encounter threatened valuable resources. Every mistake felt expensive. The save point became more than a feature. It became a destination. Relief Can Be an Emotion Too People often discuss fear when talking about horror games. Relief deserves more attention. In many ways, relief is one of the most important emotions the genre creates. Without moments of relief, tension eventually becomes exhausting. Players need opportunities to recover. Save rooms often provide exactly that. The music changes. The atmosphere softens. The pressure decreases. For a few moments, players can breathe. Those quiet pauses create an interesting effect. Instead of weakening the horror, they strengthen it. The next dangerous section feels more intense because you've experienced a brief sense of comfort. The contrast matters. Fear isn't effective when it never changes. Limited Saving Changes Behavior Some horror games allow unlimited saves. Others place restrictions on them. Whether through limited resources, specific locations, or special conditions, these systems dramatically influence how players think. I've noticed that limited saving changes decision-making almost immediately. Players become cautious. Resources feel more valuable. Exploration becomes riskier. Every choice carries additional weight because mistakes have consequences. Suddenly, saving isn't just a technical feature. It's a strategic decision. Should I save now? Should I keep going? Can I survive the next section without doing it? These questions create tension even when no immediate threat exists. That's impressive design. The game generates anxiety through decision-making rather than direct danger. The Walk Back Is Sometimes Scarier One of my favorite horror gaming experiences involves leaving a save room. Entering feels great. Leaving feels terrible. The moment you step back into the unknown, the comfort disappears. The music fades. The safety vanishes. The uncertainty returns. What's interesting is that nothing may have changed. The environment is the same. The enemies are the same. The layout remains familiar. Yet emotionally, everything feels different. You know you're moving away from security. That awareness alone increases tension. I've experienced situations where opening the door to leave a save room felt more intimidating than entering a boss area. Not because I expected a specific threat. Because I was abandoning certainty. Modern Horror Uses Saving Differently Contemporary horror games often approach saving in a less restrictive way. Autosaves are common. Checkpoints are frequent. Players rarely lose significant amounts of progress. That shift has obvious advantages. It reduces frustration and makes games more accessible. At the same time, it changes the emotional role of saving. Older horror games often transformed save systems into part of the atmosphere. Modern games typically treat them as invisible support systems. Neither approach is inherently better. They're simply pursuing different goals. One emphasizes vulnerability. The other prioritizes convenience. Interestingly, both can still create effective horror when used thoughtfully. For another perspective on player vulnerability, see our [discussion about why limited resources increase tension]. Safe Rooms Become Emotional Anchors Some locations in horror games remain memorable long after the details of the story fade. Safe rooms are often among them. Players remember how those spaces felt. The familiar music. The calm atmosphere. The temporary sense of control. I've finished games years ago and forgotten specific enemy encounters, yet I can still picture certain save rooms clearly. That's remarkable when you think about it. These locations rarely contain action. Nothing dramatic happens there. Their importance comes entirely from emotion. They provide stability within unstable worlds. The player develops a relationship with them. Returning feels reassuring. Leaving feels uncomfortable. Few game mechanics achieve that kind of emotional significance. Fear Feels Bigger When Progress Matters A major reason save systems affect horror so strongly is simple. Consequences matter. If players feel that failure costs nothing, tension often decreases. When progress becomes valuable, fear gains additional weight. Suddenly every encounter feels important. Every decision matters. Every mistake carries consequences beyond the immediate moment. This doesn't mean horror games need harsh punishment systems. Excessive penalties can easily become frustrating. But a small amount of risk often makes emotional investment stronger. Players care more because they have something to lose. And caring is essential for fear. Without investment, horror struggles to have lasting impact. The Psychology of "Just One More Room" I've fallen into this trap countless times. You're standing near a save point. Logic says you should save and stop playing. Instead, you think: "I'll check one more room." Then another room. Then another hallway. Then another objective. Before long, you've wandered into a situation far more dangerous than expected. Horror games thrive on this kind of curiosity. Players constantly balance caution against exploration. The save point represents security. The unexplored area represents possibility. Most of the time, curiosity wins. That's why horror games remain so engaging despite the fear they create. Players aren't simply avoiding danger. They're actively seeking answers. Why Save Points Remain Memorable Not every horror game uses traditional save rooms anymore. Not every game limits progress in meaningful ways. Yet the underlying idea remains powerful. Players need moments of safety. Moments of relief. Moments where tension briefly relaxes before building again. Save points became iconic because they delivered those emotions consistently. They represented hope within hostile environments. A reminder that survival was possible. A chance to regroup before facing whatever came next. And perhaps that's why so many horror fans remember them so fondly. They weren't frightening on their own. They mattered because of everything waiting outside. After all, what makes a safe place feel truly safe if there was never any danger to escape from in the first place? https://horrorgamesfree.com

2 days, 11 hours

Letting Off Steam: A Guide to the Delightful Chaos of Kick the Buddy

by jolly.hornet.qnrq＠hidepost.net

Life, as they say, throws a lot at us. From demanding deadlines to unexpected annoyances, it’s easy to feel the pressure build. Sometimes, what we need isn’t a complex strategy game or a deeply engrossing narrative; it’s just a simple, satisfying outlet for that pent-up energy. And that’s where games like kick the buddy come in – a delightfully straightforward experience designed for pure, unadulterated stress relief. https://kickthebuddy.lol/ "Kick the Buddy" isn't about high scores or intricate mechanics; it's about embracing a bit of playful destruction. Imagine a virtual ragdoll, a friendly, if somewhat resilient, dummy named Buddy, who patiently awaits your creative (and often absurd) methods of interaction. It’s a game that understands the primal satisfaction of knocking things around, even if those things are digital. The Art of Playful Punishment: Understanding the Gameplay Loop At its core, "Kick the Buddy" is incredibly simple. You are presented with Buddy, a cheerful, often bandaged character, suspended in a room. Your objective? To unleash a wide array of tools and weapons upon him. The beauty lies in the sheer variety and the freedom to experiment. Upon launching the game, you'll be greeted by Buddy and a UI that, while initially packed with icons, quickly becomes intuitive. Along the bottom or sides of the screen, you'll find categories of weapons: explosives, firearms, sharp objects, heavy objects, and even more bizarre options like elemental powers or exotic creatures. Tapping on a category reveals a carousel of specific items. Want to toss a grenade? Select the explosives category, then pick your boom-maker. Prefer to pepper Buddy with bullets? Head to firearms and choose your weapon of choice, be it a pistol, an assault rifle, or even a mini-gun. The interaction is purely touch-based. Drag your chosen weapon onto Buddy, and it will interact with him in its intended way. Firearms will shoot, bombs will explode, and melee weapons will, well, kick and punch. Buddy reacts to every impact with comical animations and sound effects, his limbs flailing and his body bouncing around the environment. There's no "game over" screen, no health bar to meticulously manage for Buddy (though he does take on more damage and visual wear and tear). The goal isn't to defeat him in a traditional sense, but to simply engage in the cathartic act of unleashing digital mayhem. Beyond the basic weaponry, the game often features special environmental hazards or interactive elements. Perhaps a giant fan you can activate to send Buddy swirling, or a portal that teleports him across the room. These elements add another layer of playful chaos, encouraging you to think creatively about how to maximize Buddy's suffering (in the most lighthearted way possible). What truly sets games like this apart is the sheer variety of tools at your disposal. From conventional firearms like pistols and shotguns to the wonderfully absurd, like a black hole gun that sucks Buddy into oblivion or a rubber duck that somehow inflicts comical damage, the developers clearly revel in imagination. This constant influx of new, often ridiculous, ways to interact with Buddy keeps the experience fresh and encourages repeated play sessions. Beyond the Bang: Tips for Optimal Stress Relief While the game is wonderfully straightforward, a few tips can enhance your stress-busting experience: Embrace the Absurd: Don't limit yourself to conventional weapons. Some of the most satisfying interactions come from the most outlandish items. Experiment with everything – you might be surprised by the sheer hilarity of a giant rubber band or a flock of angry birds. Combine and Conquer: Many weapons have interesting synergies. Try freezing Buddy with an ice gun, then shattering him with a heavy object. Or pepper him with bullets before dropping an explosive on him. The more creative your combinations, the more entertaining the outcome. Sound On, Volume Up: A significant part of the game's charm comes from its sound design. Buddy's comical yelps, the satisfying thwacks of impact, and the explosive roars all contribute to the overall catharsis. Don't be afraid to crank up the volume and fully immerse yourself in the chaotic symphony. Short Bursts are Key: "Kick the Buddy" isn't designed for marathon sessions. Its strength lies in its ability to provide quick, satisfying bursts of stress relief. When you feel a bit overwhelmed or just need a mental break, a few minutes of playful destruction can do wonders. No Right or Wrong Way: There's no leaderboard, no competitive element. The only "goal" is your own enjoyment. Feel free to be as chaotic or as precise as you wish. It’s your sandbox, and Buddy is your patient (and perpetually recovering) subject. A Concluding Whack In a world often filled with complexity, the simplicity and pure, unadulterated fun of "Kick the Buddy" is a refreshing antidote. It's a game that doesn't demand much from you, except a willingness to let go and embrace a bit of lighthearted destruction. So the next time you feel the need to let off some steam, consider giving Buddy a good kicking (or exploding, or freezing, or zapping). You might just find it to be the most satisfying stress reliever you never knew you needed.

2 days, 16 hours

Jump to page:

2026

2025

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

Linaro-mm-sig