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Steal Brainrot: Explore The Wild World Of Viral Roblox Chaos

by balanced.salmon.thrs＠hidepost.net

What Is Steal Brainrot? Steal Brainrot is a popular Roblox game that combines funny characters, fast gameplay, collecting mechanics, and competitive challenges. The game attracts players through a unique style inspired by internet culture, where unusual creatures, creative designs, and unpredictable moments create an entertaining experience. https://stealbrainrotgame.io/ The main idea behind Steal Brainrot is collecting valuable Brainrot characters while protecting resources from other players. Players must explore the game area, discover different Brainrot types, earn rewards, and make strategic decisions to increase progress. The combination of humor, competition, and collection elements makes the game highly engaging for Roblox fans. Unlike traditional Roblox experiences that focus on one specific gameplay style, Steal Brainrot mixes multiple features into one exciting adventure. Players can enjoy casual moments while also competing against others who want to steal rare items and improve their own collection. How Steal Brainrot Gameplay Works Steal Brainrot gameplay focuses on collecting, protecting, and upgrading Brainrot characters. Each player begins with basic resources and gradually develops a stronger collection by completing actions inside the game world. Collect And Manage Brainrot Characters The most important activity in Steal Brainrot is finding and collecting different Brainrot characters. These characters are designed with humorous appearances and unique qualities that make them interesting to discover. Players need to understand which Brainrot characters provide higher value and which ones are easier to obtain. Building a strong collection requires patience, smart decisions, and awareness of opportunities available during gameplay. Rare Brainrot characters often become the main goal for experienced players because they can provide better rewards and create a sense of achievement. Discovering new characters also encourages players to continue exploring different parts of the game. Protect Resources From Other Players Steal Brainrot adds an exciting competitive element by allowing players to interact with each other. Other players may attempt to steal valuable Brainrot characters, which creates constant challenges and unexpected situations. Successful players must develop defensive strategies while searching for more valuable items. Protecting collected resources becomes an important part of long-term progress. The competitive environment creates more excitement because every decision can affect the final result. Players must balance between taking risks and protecting what they already own. Features That Make Steal Brainrot Popular Steal Brainrot has gained attention because it offers a combination of simple controls, entertaining gameplay, and viral internet culture. These features help the game attract both new and experienced Roblox players. Funny Design And Internet Culture Influence One of the biggest attractions of Steal Brainrot is the creative design style. The game uses unusual characters and humorous concepts that match modern internet trends. The term Brainrot is often connected with funny online content that spreads quickly across social platforms. Steal Brainrot uses this idea to create a playful environment where every character feels different and memorable. The combination of comedy and gaming makes the experience easy to share with friends. Players often enjoy discovering strange characters and experiencing unexpected moments during gameplay. Simple Gameplay For All Players Steal Brainrot does not require complicated skills to start playing. New players can quickly understand the basic mechanics and begin collecting characters. However, the game still provides enough depth for players who want to improve strategies. Learning how to manage resources, choose the right moments to collect items, and compete effectively creates a more rewarding experience. This balance between simplicity and strategy helps Steal Brainrot remain enjoyable for different types of players. Tips To Progress Faster In Steal Brainrot Improving progress in Steal Brainrot requires good planning and consistent gameplay. Players who understand the game mechanics can build stronger collections and achieve better results. Focus On Valuable Brainrot Items Players should prioritize collecting Brainrot characters that offer higher value. Spending time on rare or useful items can help create better progress compared with collecting random characters without a clear strategy. Understanding the value of different Brainrot types allows players to make smarter choices. This knowledge becomes more important as competition increases. Observe Other Players And Learn Strategies Watching how other players move and manage resources can provide useful information. Experienced players often use specific strategies to protect collections and find better opportunities. Learning from successful players can help beginners avoid mistakes and improve their gameplay style. Maintain A Balance Between Risk And Safety Steal Brainrot rewards players who can make careful decisions. Taking too many risks may result in losing valuable resources, while being too defensive can slow progress. Finding the right balance between collecting new items and protecting existing resources is an important skill. Smart decision making often creates better results than simply playing aggressively. Why Players Enjoy Steal Brainrot The popularity of Steal Brainrot comes from its ability to create fun and unpredictable experiences. Every game session can feel different because player actions influence the outcome. The social aspect also plays an important role. Many Roblox players enjoy competing with friends, sharing funny moments, and discovering new strategies together. The game provides quick entertainment while still offering goals for long-term improvement. Players can continue searching for rare Brainrot characters, improving collections, and developing better strategies over time. The Future Of Steal Brainrot Steal Brainrot has strong potential because it combines several elements that are popular in modern gaming. Collection systems, competitive gameplay, and humorous designs continue to attract large communities. Future updates could introduce new Brainrot characters, additional challenges, improved features, and more ways for players to interact. Regular improvements can help maintain player interest and expand the game community. As Roblox continues growing as a platform, creative experiences like Steal Brainrot demonstrate how simple ideas can become popular when they provide enjoyable and memorable gameplay. Conclusion Steal Brainrot is an entertaining Roblox experience that combines collection, competition, humor, and internet culture into one unique game. Players can explore different areas, collect Brainrot characters, protect valuable resources, and compete against others in exciting challenges. With simple gameplay mechanics and endless opportunities for strategy, Steal Brainrot offers an enjoyable experience for casual players and dedicated Roblox fans. The creative design, unpredictable moments, and competitive features make this game an interesting choice for anyone looking for a fresh Roblox adventure.

8 hours, 15 minutes

Touchdowns, Teamwork, and Tiny Terrors: Unpacking the Charm of Football Bros (and Beyond!)

by ruling.shark.kagi＠hidepost.net

In the vast and ever-expanding universe of gaming, sometimes the most engaging experiences aren't found in hyper-realistic graphics or sprawling open worlds. Sometimes, it's the charming, accessible, and surprisingly strategic titles that truly capture our hearts. Today, we're diving headfirst into one such gem: the delightfully chaotic world of Football Bros, a game that proves you don't need a million polygons to have a million laughs. https://footballbrosfree.com This article isn't just a review; it's a guide – a friendly hand extended to those curious about how to jump into this particular brand of pixelated gridiron glory, and a broader exploration of how to truly experience any game, regardless of its complexity. Introduction: More Than Just Kicking a Ball At its core, Football Bros is a 2D arcade-style football (soccer, for our North American friends) game that simplifies the beautiful game down to its most essential, and often hilarious, components. Forget complex button combinations and intricate formations; here, it's about quick reflexes, smart positioning, and a healthy dose of serendipity. It's the kind of game that’s easy to pick up but surprisingly difficult to master, offering a satisfying progression curve for casual players and seasoned veterans alike. But "Football Bros" isn't just about a single game; it represents a philosophy of gaming. It's about finding joy in simplicity, embracing the unexpected, and understanding that the "best" game isn't always the biggest or most expensive. It’s about the sheer fun of playing, whether you're alone or with friends. Gameplay: The Art of the Simple Kick The beauty of Football Bros lies in its streamlined controls. Typically, you'll manage your player's movement, a kick, and sometimes a special ability or tackle. Don't let this simplicity fool you. Within these few actions lies a surprising depth of strategy. Movement is Key: Unlike a full 3D simulation, your players often feel like they're on rails. Mastering the art of predicting the ball's trajectory and positioning your player to intercept or receive a pass is paramount. Think of it less as direct control and more as strategic steering. Anticipation is your greatest weapon. The Power of the Kick: Your primary offensive tool. A quick tap might be a soft pass, while holding it down charges a powerful shot. Learning the nuances of kick strength and angle is crucial for both scoring goals and clearing your lines. Don't be afraid to experiment – sometimes a wild, hopeful punt turns into a spectacular goal! Teamwork (Even with AIs): While you directly control one player at a time, your AI teammates are vital. Learn their tendencies. Do they tend to push forward? Are they good at defending? Understanding these patterns, even if rudimentary, allows you to play more effectively. In multiplayer, communication becomes your ultimate superpower. Calling for passes, indicating who you're targeting, and coordinating defensive efforts can turn the tide of a match. Environmental Interactions (If Applicable): Some games in this genre introduce environmental hazards or power-ups. Pay attention to these. A well-timed jump over a puddle or a strategically collected power-up can drastically alter the flow of a match. Tips for Truly Experiencing "Football Bros" (and similar games) To truly get the most out of Football Bros or any game that prioritizes fun over complexity, consider these tips: 1. Embrace the Chaos: These games are often designed to be a bit unpredictable. Don't get frustrated by a lucky bounce or a flukey goal. Laugh it off! The joy often comes from these unexpected moments. 2. Experiment with Controls: Even if the controls seem basic, try different timings, pressures, and combinations. You might discover a hidden trick or a more efficient way to play. 3. Play with Friends: This is where games like Football Bros truly shine. The banter, the friendly rivalry, and the shared "did you see that?!" moments are priceless. Local multiplayer, if available, is often the best way to experience this. 4. Focus on the Fundamentals First: Before trying fancy tricks, make sure you've mastered the basics of movement, passing, and shooting. A strong foundation will make everything else easier. 5. Watch Others Play: Online videos or streams can provide valuable insights into advanced strategies, clever moves, or simply different ways to approach the game. You might pick up a trick you hadn't considered. 6. Don't Be Afraid to Lose: Losing is part of the learning process. Analyze what went wrong, adapt your strategy, and try again. The satisfaction of finally overcoming a challenge is immense. 7. Take Breaks: Sometimes stepping away for a bit can help you return with a fresh perspective and renewed focus. 8. Appreciate the Art Style: Often, games in this genre have distinct and charming art styles. Take a moment to appreciate the pixel art, the character designs, or the quirky animations. It’s all part of the experience. Conclusion: The Lasting Appeal of Simple Fun "Football Bros" is more than just a game; it's a testament to the enduring appeal of simple, well-executed fun. It's a reminder that gaming doesn't always have to be about pushing graphical boundaries or offering hundreds of hours of content. Sometimes, the most memorable experiences come from the sheer joy of kicking a digital ball, scoring a ridiculous goal, and sharing a laugh with friends. Whether you're looking for a quick pick-up-and-play session, a lighthearted challenge, or just a good time, games like "Football Bros" offer an accessible and immensely enjoyable experience. So, fire up your device, gather your digital teammates, and get ready to experience the pure, unadulterated fun of the beautiful game, pixelated style. You might just find your new favorite way to spend an afternoon.

8 hours, 58 minutes

Drift Hunters 3D: The Ultimate Browser-Based Drifting Experience That Will Keep You Hooked

by peculiar.tiglon.ewpo＠hidepost.net

Are you ready to leave some serious tire marks on the digital asphalt? Whether you're a seasoned racing game enthusiast or someone looking for a casual gaming experience that doesn't require downloading massive files, Drift Hunters 3D might just become your new gaming obsession. This free-to-play browser game has taken the online gaming world by storm, and we're here to tell you exactly why it deserves a spot in your gaming rotation. Visit: https://drifthunters3d.io/ 1. What is Drift Hunters 3D? Drift Hunters 3D is a spectacular online drifting simulator that brings the thrill of high-speed sliding and precision car control directly to your web browser. No downloads, no installations, no fuss. You simply head over to Drift Hunters, click play, and within seconds you're behind the wheel of some seriously cool vehicles, performing gravity-defying drifts on various tracks and locations around the world. The game was developed by indie developers who clearly understand what makes drifting games fun: smooth controls, responsive physics, a variety of vehicles, and that satisfying feeling when you nail a perfect drift around a challenging corner. Since its initial release, the game has garnered a massive following of players who appreciate its accessibility and addictive gameplay mechanics. What makes Drift Hunters 3D particularly impressive is that it manages to deliver a quality gaming experience without requiring the massive storage space or processing power that traditional racing games demand. It's the kind of game that works whether you're on a gaming rig or an older laptop, as long as you've got a decent internet connection. 2. How to Play Drift Hunters 3D Playing Drift Hunters 3D is refreshingly straightforward, which is part of its charm. Here's everything you need to know to get behind the wheel: Accessing the Game Simply navigate to Drift Hunters in your web browser. No account creation is required to start playing, though the game does allow you to create an account if you want to save your progress and compete on leaderboards. The game loads directly in your browser, usually within a few seconds depending on your internet connection. Basic Controls The control scheme is intuitive and easy to learn. You'll use the arrow keys or WASD to control your vehicle, with acceleration and braking being the primary concerns. The left and right directional inputs steer your car, while maintaining momentum while turning initiates your drift. The spacebar typically serves as a handbrake, which is absolutely crucial for executing those satisfying drifts that are the heart of this game. If you're using a controller, Drift Hunters 3D supports gamepad input, which many players find more comfortable for extended play sessions. The analog sticks provide more nuanced control than keyboard inputs, making it easier to execute smooth, stylish drifts. Understanding the Drift Mechanic Here's where the magic happens. A drift occurs when you're moving at speed and then turn sharply while simultaneously using the handbrake. Timing is everything. Press the handbrake at just the right moment while turning, and your vehicle will slide beautifully around the corner, allowing you to maintain speed while looking incredibly cool doing it. The longer and more stylish your drift, the more points you accumulate. The game rewards you based on the angle of your drift, the duration, and the proximity of your vehicle to obstacles and other hazards. This scoring system encourages increasingly daring and technical driving, creating that addictive loop that keeps players coming back. Game Modes and Objectives Drift Hunters 3D offers various game modes that cater to different playstyles. The free roam mode allows you to explore different maps and environments without pressure, perfect for learning the controls and practicing your technique. You can drive around, find interesting spots, and hone your drifting skills without any time pressure or scoring requirements. The timed challenges test your ability to score points within a limited time frame. These modes are perfect if you want to compete against your own high scores or challenge friends. The game also features various track-based modes where you follow predetermined paths and try to achieve the highest possible score through consecutive drifts. 3. Tips and Tricks for Success If you're looking to dominate the leaderboards and impress your friends, here are some essential strategies to elevate your game: Master the Handbrake The handbrake is your best friend. Practice using it at different speeds and angles until it becomes muscle memory. The sweet spot for initiating a drift is when your handbrake input coincides with peak turning angle at the right speed. Too slow and your car won't drift; too fast and you'll lose control. Chain Drifts Together The real points come from chaining multiple drifts together without losing momentum. This requires reading the track ahead and planning your approach several corners in advance. Anticipate the upcoming turns and position yourself to drift from one corner directly into the next with minimal speed loss. Learn the Tracks Spend time exploring each map to learn where the best drifting opportunities are located. Certain areas have perfect corner geometry for scoring maximum points. Once you identify these hotspots, you can plan routes that string together multiple high-scoring drift opportunities. Upgrade Your Vehicle Use your in-game earnings to upgrade your current vehicle's performance stats. Improved handling makes drifting easier and more responsive, while increased acceleration helps you build speed between drift sections. Better tires and suspension also improve your overall control. Practice Consistency Don't aim for one massive drift. Instead, focus on executing consistent, well-controlled drifts repeatedly. Multiple smooth drifts typically score better than one risky attempt that could result in spinning out. Use the Environment Some maps feature walls, barriers, and obstacles. Advanced players use these elements strategically, drifting close to them to increase point multipliers based on proximity scoring. 4. Ready to Become a Drift Legend? Drift Hunters is a fantastic choice for anyone who loves cars, drifting, or skill-based browser games. It is easy to pick up, difficult to master, and packed with enough tuning options to keep players experimenting for hours. Whether you want a relaxing drive around an open map or a high-score challenge through technical corners, Drift Hunters delivers plenty of sideways fun. Visit: https://drifthunters3d.io/

13 hours, 37 minutes

Re: [PATCH net-next v6 3/3] selftests/net: devmem.py: add check_rx_large_niov

by Jakub Kicinski

On Fri, 31 Jul 2026 15:01:01 -0700 Bobby Eshleman wrote: > Meanwhile, do we want drivers/net/hw/config to workaround by carrying > something like SYNC_FILE or DMABUF_HEAPS, or wait and see about the > udmabuf kconfig change? Let's enable SYNC_FILE for now and pursue the UDMABUF change in parallel. It will land in another tree if at all, so we'll have to wait a while before it propagates to us.

17 hours, 27 minutes

Re: [PATCH v5 3/9] vfio/pci: Add a helper to look up PFNs for DMABUFs

by Matt Evans

Hi Praan, On 30/07/2026 23:55, Pranjal Shrivastava wrote: > On Wed, Jul 15, 2026 at 06:47:26PM +0100, Matt Evans wrote: >> Add vfio_pci_dma_buf_find_pfn(), which a VMA fault handler can use to >> find a PFN. >> >> This supports multi-range DMABUFs, which typically would be used to >> represent scattered spans but might even represent overlapping or >> aliasing spans of PFNs. >> >> Because this is intended to be used in vfio_pci_core.c, we also need >> to expose the struct vfio_pci_dma_buf in the vfio_pci_priv.h header. >> >> Signed-off-by: Matt Evans <matt(a)ozlabs.org> >> --- >> drivers/vfio/pci/vfio_pci_dmabuf.c | 153 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--- >> drivers/vfio/pci/vfio_pci_priv.h | 20 ++++ >> 2 files changed, 160 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) >> >> diff --git a/drivers/vfio/pci/vfio_pci_dmabuf.c b/drivers/vfio/pci/vfio_pci_dmabuf.c >> index c16f460c01d6..7c047400dfd1 100644 >> --- a/drivers/vfio/pci/vfio_pci_dmabuf.c >> +++ b/drivers/vfio/pci/vfio_pci_dmabuf.c >> @@ -9,19 +9,6 @@ >> >> MODULE_IMPORT_NS("DMA_BUF"); >> >> -struct vfio_pci_dma_buf { >> - struct dma_buf *dmabuf; >> - struct vfio_pci_core_device *vdev; >> - struct list_head dmabufs_elm; >> - size_t size; >> - struct phys_vec *phys_vec; >> - struct p2pdma_provider *provider; >> - u32 nr_ranges; >> - struct kref kref; >> - struct completion comp; >> - u8 revoked : 1; >> -}; >> - >> static int vfio_pci_dma_buf_attach(struct dma_buf *dmabuf, >> struct dma_buf_attachment *attachment) >> { >> @@ -106,6 +93,146 @@ static const struct dma_buf_ops vfio_pci_dmabuf_ops = { >> .release = vfio_pci_dma_buf_release, >> }; >> >> +int vfio_pci_dma_buf_find_pfn(struct vfio_pci_dma_buf *priv, >> + struct vm_area_struct *vma, >> + unsigned long fault_addr, >> + unsigned int order, >> + unsigned long *out_pfn) >> +{ >> + /* >> + * Given a VMA (start, end, pgoffs) and a fault address, >> + * search the corresponding DMABUF's phys_vec[] to find the >> + * range representing the address's offset into the VMA, and >> + * its PFN. >> + * >> + * The phys_vec[] ranges represent contiguous spans of VAs >> + * upwards from the buffer offset 0; the actual PFNs might be >> + * in any order, overlap/alias, etc. Calculate an offset of >> + * the desired page given VMA start/pgoff and address, then >> + * search upwards from 0 to find which span contains it. >> + * >> + * On success, a valid PFN for a page sized by 'order' is >> + * returned into out_pfn. >> + * >> + * Failure occurs if: >> + * - A hugepage would cross the edge of the VMA, >> + * - A hugepage isn't entirely contained within a range >> + * (including where it straddles the boundary between >> + * ranges), >> + * - We find a range, but the final PFN isn't aligned to the >> + * requested order. >> + * >> + * Upon failure, -EAGAIN is returned and the caller is >> + * expected to try again with a smaller order, which will >> + * eventually succeed (order=0 will always work). >> + * >> + * It's suboptimal if DMABUFs are created with neighbouring >> + * ranges that are physically contiguous, since hugepages >> + * can't straddle range boundaries. (The construction of the >> + * ranges should merge them in this case.) >> + * >> + * Finally, vma_pgoff_adjust is used with a DMABUF created for >> + * a VFIO BAR mmap: a BAR mapped with vm_pgoff > 0 creates a >> + * DMABUF such that byte 0 of the VMA corresponds to byte 0 of >> + * the DMABUF and byte 'vm_pgoff << PAGE_SHIFT' into the BAR. >> + * To avoid double-offsetting in this scenario, subtracting >> + * vma_pgoff_adjust from this (non-zero) vm_pgoff generates >> + * the effective offset. >> + */ >> + >> + const unsigned long pagesize = PAGE_SIZE << order; >> + unsigned long vma_off = ((vma->vm_pgoff - priv->vma_pgoff_adjust) << >> + PAGE_SHIFT) & VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_MASK; > > Maybe I'm getting ahead of myself here.. but it seems like this > restricts us to only mapping DMABUFs at offsets < 1TB due to the > VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_MASK (since we have HBMs on PCI devices now, hitting 1TB > may not be a very distant future). This is a really good question, thanks for raisiing it. It is not too forward-thinking at all. > While I understand this mask is needed to drop the BAR encoding in the > high bits. > > My worry is, if in the future a user were to export a massive > contiguous DMABUF (e.g., >1TB of aggregated HBM) and tried to mmap deep > into it (passing an offset >= 1TB), this bitwise AND would silently drop > the high bits, leading to silent data corruption. One of the big advantages of DMABUF export was that the range could be huge and unencumbered by the VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_SHIFT of the traditional mmap() interface. It's a way to mmap huge BARs without having to change the user-visible shift). So definitely this is a relevant concern. > I think we should explicitly reject such an mmap with -EINVAL like: > > +const unsigned long pagesize = PAGE_SIZE << order; > +unsigned long vma_off = (vma->vm_pgoff - priv->vma_pgoff_adjust) << PAGE_SHIFT; > > +/* > + * Prevent silent wrap-around if the user mmaps a DMABUF at an > + * offset greater than the VFIO index mask allows. > + */ > +if (unlikely(vma_off > VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_MASK)) > + return -EINVAL; > > +vma_off &= VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_MASK; Agreed, for now this absolutely should not silently wrap if the offset is > 1TB, and we live with the restriction that a DMABUF sized >1TB can't be mapped with such an offset. (We can still, say, map all of a 16TB DMABUF with offset=0, which is good.). I'll add a check, thanks for pointing this out. I suggest as something to revisit later, we flag for a DMABUF (maybe an evolution of vma_pgoff_adjust) to differentiate whether this masking needs to be applied (traditional mmap() path) or not (DMABUF mmap()), and then offsets can be arbitrarily large. Cheers, Matt >> + unsigned long rounded_page_addr = ALIGN_DOWN(fault_addr, pagesize); >> + unsigned long rounded_page_end = rounded_page_addr + pagesize; >> + unsigned long fault_offset; >> + unsigned long fault_offset_end; >> + unsigned long range_start_offset = 0; >> + unsigned int i; >> + int ret; >> + > > > Thanks, > Praan

22 hours, 59 minutes

Re: [PATCH v5 3/4] drm/prime: use dma_buf_fd_install() to preserve export tracing

by T.J. Mercier

On Wed, Jul 29, 2026 at 11:27 PM Baineng Shou <shoubaineng(a)gmail.com> wrote: > > drm_gem_prime_handle_to_fd() open-codes fd reservation and install > using get_unused_fd_flags() + fd_install() directly. This bypasses > the DMA_BUF_TRACE() call that dma_buf_fd() emits, so observability > tools relying on the trace_dma_buf_fd tracepoint silently miss all > DRM PRIME exports. > > Replace the bare fd_install() with dma_buf_fd_install(), which wraps > fd_install() together with DMA_BUF_TRACE(), restoring full tracepoint > coverage. No functional change; the fd lifecycle (get_unused_fd_flags > → work → install) is already correct. > > Note: this patch depends on dma_buf_fd_install() introduced in > "dma-buf: dma-heap: don't publish fd before copy_to_user() succeeds" > [1]. > > [1] https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20260714114654.3885457-2-shoubaineng@gmai… > > Suggested-by: Christian König <christian.koenig(a)amd.com> > Signed-off-by: Baineng Shou <shoubaineng(a)gmail.com> Reviewed-by: T.J. Mercier <tjmercier(a)google.com> > --- > drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c | 2 +- > 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) > > diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c > index 9b44c78cd77f..fe3436d1235d 100644 > --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c > +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c > @@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ int drm_gem_prime_handle_to_fd(struct drm_device *dev, > return PTR_ERR(dmabuf); > } > > - fd_install(fd, dmabuf->file); > + dma_buf_fd_install(dmabuf, fd); > *prime_fd = fd; > return 0; > } > -- > 2.34.1 >

23 hours, 28 minutes

Re: [PATCH v5 4/4] selftests: dmabuf-heaps: add fd-leak-on-EFAULT regression test

by T.J. Mercier

On Wed, Jul 29, 2026 at 11:27 PM Baineng Shou <shoubaineng(a)gmail.com> wrote: > > Add a test case that verifies no file descriptor is leaked when > DMA_HEAP_IOCTL_ALLOC succeeds internally but copy_to_user() fails > to deliver the fd number back to userspace. > > The failure is triggered by placing the ioctl argument in a private > anonymous page and flipping it to PROT_READ (via mprotect) between > the kernel's copy_from_user() and copy_to_user() calls. With the > buggy kernel the ioctl returns -EFAULT but leaves an extra open fd > in the process's fd table; with the fixed kernel the fd count is > unchanged. > > This serves as a regression test for: > "dma-buf: dma-heap: don't publish fd before copy_to_user() succeeds" > > Suggested-by: Sumit Semwal <sumit.semwal(a)linaro.org> > Signed-off-by: Baineng Shou <shoubaineng(a)gmail.com> > --- > .../selftests/dmabuf-heaps/dmabuf-heap.c | 115 +++++++++++++++++- > 1 file changed, 114 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) > > diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/dmabuf-heaps/dmabuf-heap.c b/tools/testing/selftests/dmabuf-heaps/dmabuf-heap.c > index fc9694fc4e89..bd58e5b06c8b 100644 > --- a/tools/testing/selftests/dmabuf-heaps/dmabuf-heap.c > +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/dmabuf-heaps/dmabuf-heap.c > @@ -390,6 +390,118 @@ static void test_alloc_errors(char *heap_name) > close(heap_fd); > } > > +/* > + * test_alloc_no_fd_leak_on_efault - verify no fd is leaked when > + * copy_to_user() fails during DMA_HEAP_IOCTL_ALLOC. > + * > + * The bug: dma_buf_fd() called fd_install() before copy_to_user(). > + * If copy_to_user() then failed (e.g. via mprotect), the fd was > + * silently installed in the fd table but never returned to userspace. > + * > + * The fix: reserve the fd with get_unused_fd_flags() first, attempt > + * copy_to_user(), and only call fd_install() on success. > + * > + * We trigger the failure by placing the ioctl argument in a page, > + * flipping it to PROT_READ between copy_from_user and copy_to_user, > + * and counting open file descriptors before and after. > + */ > +static void test_alloc_no_fd_leak_on_efault(char *heap_name) > +{ > + int heap_fd = -1; > + int fd_before, fd_after; > + int ret; > + long page_size; > + struct dma_heap_allocation_data *req; > + > + ksft_print_msg("Testing no fd leak when copy_to_user() fails:\n"); > + > + heap_fd = dmabuf_heap_open(heap_name); > + > + page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE); > + > + /* > + * Place the ioctl argument in its own private anonymous page so > + * we can flip its protection independently. > + */ > + req = mmap(NULL, page_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, > + MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0); > + if (req == MAP_FAILED) { > + ksft_test_result_fail("mmap failed: %s\n", strerror(errno)); > + goto out; > + } > + > + memset(req, 0, sizeof(*req)); > + req->len = page_size; > + req->fd_flags = O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC; > + > + /* Count open fds before the ioctl */ > + fd_before = 0; > + { > + DIR *d = opendir("/proc/self/fd"); > + struct dirent *de; > + > + if (!d) { > + ksft_test_result_fail("opendir /proc/self/fd: %s\n", > + strerror(errno)); > + munmap(req, page_size); > + goto out; > + } > + while ((de = readdir(d))) > + if (de->d_name[0] != '.') > + fd_before++; > + closedir(d); > + /* subtract the fd opened by opendir itself */ But no actual subtraction? > + } > + > + /* > + * Make the page read-only: copy_from_user() in the kernel will > + * still succeed (it already ran), Huh? copy_from_user hasn't run yet. That happens inside the ioctl(). > but copy_to_user() that writes > + * the fd number back will fault. > + */ > + mprotect(req, page_size, PROT_READ); > + > + ret = ioctl(heap_fd, DMA_HEAP_IOCTL_ALLOC, req); > + > + /* Re-allow writes so munmap can clean up */ > + mprotect(req, page_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE); > + munmap(req, page_size); > + > + if (ret != -1 || errno != EFAULT) { This looks like you meant &&, but I think we should just fail if ret != -1. Either the mprotect is broken, or dma-heap didn't actually try to copy_to_user. > + /* > + * If the ioctl didn't fail with EFAULT, either the kernel > + * handled it differently or mprotect raced. mprotect is synchronous, how could it race with anything here? > Skip rather > + * than giving a false pass/fail. > + */ > + ksft_test_result_skip( > + "ioctl did not return EFAULT (ret=%d errno=%d), skipping\n", > + ret, errno); > + goto out; > + } > + > + /* Count open fds after the failed ioctl */ > + fd_after = 0; > + { > + DIR *d = opendir("/proc/self/fd"); > + struct dirent *de; > + > + if (!d) { > + ksft_test_result_fail("opendir /proc/self/fd: %s\n", > + strerror(errno)); > + goto out; > + } > + while ((de = readdir(d))) > + if (de->d_name[0] != '.') > + fd_after++; > + closedir(d); > + } > + > + ksft_test_result(fd_before == fd_after, > + "no fd leak on EFAULT: before=%d after=%d\n", This is for the failure case, so I don't think the "no" should be in the string. > + fd_before, fd_after); > +out: > + close(heap_fd); > +} > + > static int numer_of_heaps(void) > { > DIR *d = opendir(DEVPATH); > @@ -420,7 +532,7 @@ int main(void) > return KSFT_SKIP; > } > > - ksft_set_plan(11 * numer_of_heaps()); > + ksft_set_plan(12 * numer_of_heaps()); > > while ((dir = readdir(d))) { > if (!strncmp(dir->d_name, ".", 2)) > @@ -435,6 +547,7 @@ int main(void) > test_alloc_zeroed(dir->d_name, ONE_MEG); > test_alloc_compat(dir->d_name); > test_alloc_errors(dir->d_name); > + test_alloc_no_fd_leak_on_efault(dir->d_name); > } > closedir(d); > > -- > 2.34.1 >

23 hours, 33 minutes

Cybersecurity Is Built on Preparation, Not Luck

by surayamadelin＠gmail.com

The strongest cybersecurity strategy isn't measured by how a company responds after an attack—it's measured by how well it prepares before one ever happens. Every day, organizations and individuals face phishing campaigns, ransomware, credential theft, and other cyber threats. While no security program can eliminate every risk, preparation can significantly reduce the likelihood and impact of an incident. Many people believe cyberattacks only target large corporations. In reality, small businesses, freelancers, cryptocurrency investors, and private individuals are frequently targeted because attackers assume they may have fewer security controls in place. A single compromised password or overlooked software update can provide an opportunity for unauthorized access. At **MUYERN TRUST**, we help clients understand their digital risks through cybersecurity consulting, digital forensics, blockchain investigations, cloud security, and incident response services. Information about our professional services is available at (http://www.muyerntrust.com), and confidential inquiries can also be sent to (muyerntrusted((a))mail-me(.)c o m) One of the most valuable investments any organization can make is a security assessment. Understanding where weaknesses exist allows those issues to be addressed before they become security incidents. Regular reviews of authentication methods, backup procedures, employee awareness, and network security often reveal opportunities for improvement that might otherwise go unnoticed. Another overlooked aspect of cybersecurity is documentation. Knowing how systems are configured, where important information is stored, and who is responsible for responding during an incident helps reduce confusion when time matters most. A well-prepared response plan can often limit disruption and support a faster recovery. Technology continues to evolve rapidly, but the fundamentals remain the same. Strong passwords, multi-factor authentication, software updates, encrypted backups, and user awareness continue to provide meaningful protection against many common threats. These practices may appear simple, yet they remain among the most effective security measures available. Cybersecurity is not only about protecting computers—it is about protecting people, businesses, and the information they depend on every day. Building a culture of security awareness is an ongoing process that benefits everyone connected to an organization. At MUYERN TRUST, we are committed to providing professional cybersecurity services backed by careful analysis, ethical practices, and practical solutions. Whether assisting with a cybersecurity incident, conducting a blockchain investigation, or helping improve an organization's security posture, our focus remains the same: delivering reliable technical expertise with professionalism and integrity. **Whats App:** +1 2.0.2 7.0.3 2.2.3.9

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Drift Hunters: Master the Art of Drifting

by grannygame.org＠gmail.com

https://drifthuntersonline.io Drift Hunters is an immersive drifting game that puts players behind the wheel of powerful sports cars on a variety of detailed tracks. Instead of simply racing to the finish, the challenge comes from maintaining long, controlled drifts, earning points, and mastering each corner with precise steering and throttle control. Every successful run rewards practice, making the driving feel both satisfying and skill-based. Beyond its realistic driving physics, Drift Hunters features a wide selection of customizable vehicles, performance upgrades, and visually appealing environments that keep each session fresh. Players can fine-tune their cars, experiment with different setups

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IMAP Deactivation Error

by Email Support

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