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11 hours, 13 minutes

TRUSTED EXPERTS IN CYBERSECURITY & DIGITAL FORENSICS

by rm0186397＠gmail.com

11 hours, 13 minutes

Re: [PATCH v7 3/5] rust: sync: Add abstraction for rcu_barrier()

by Gary Guo

On Wed Jul 29, 2026 at 6:18 PM BST, Paul E. McKenney wrote: > On Wed, Jul 29, 2026 at 11:45:40AM +0200, Philipp Stanner wrote: >> rcu_barrier() is a frequently used C function which is always safe to be >> called. > > Just checking... Here "always safe" means only from task level, with BH, > preemption, and interrupts all enabled, correct? > > In contrast, if you do this: > > preempt_disable(); > rcu_barrier(); > preempt_enable(); > > the results won't be safe. This is same for all sleepable functions. In order to avoid having to mark all sleeping function unsafe, we've decided that sleeping from non-preemptable context is "safe", but is a bug regardless. Best, Gary

13 hours, 11 minutes

[PATCH v5 0/9] vfio/pci: Add mmap() for DMABUFs

by Matt Evans

Hi all, The goal of this series is to enable userspace driver designs that use VFIO to export DMABUFs representing subsets of PCI device BARs, and "vend" those buffers from a primary process to other subordinate processes by fd. These processes then mmap() the buffers and their access to the device is isolated to the exported ranges. This is an improvement on sharing the VFIO device fd to subordinate processes, which would allow unfettered access. This is achieved by enabling mmap() of vfio-pci DMABUFs, passed by fd to subordinate processes. Second, a new revocation mechanism is added to allow the primary process to forcibly revoke access to previously-shared BAR spans, even if the subordinate processes haven't cleanly exited. (The related topic of safe delegation of iommufd control to the subordinate processes is not addressed here, and is follow-up work.) The background/rationale is covered in more detail in the RFC cover letters. Feedback from the RFCs requested that, instead of creating DMABUF-specific vm_ops and .fault paths, to go the whole way and migrate the existing VFIO PCI BAR mmap() to be backed by a DMABUF too, resulting in a common vm_ops and fault handler for mmap()s of both the VFIO device and explicitly-exported DMABUFs. This will help future iommufd emulation of VFIO Type1 peer-to-peer, making it easier to get a DMABUF for a VFIO BAR as a DMA target. mmap() conversion to use DMABUF underneath has been done for vfio-pci, but not sub-drivers: nvgrace-gpu's mmap() override path is unchanged; I kept this out of scope for now not least because I don't have a thorough test setup for this system. I would prefer to help the nvgrace-gpu maintainers enable BAR mmap() DMABUFs themselves. Notes on patches ================ PCI/P2PDMA: Split pool-related cleanup out of pci_p2pdma_release() PCI/P2PDMA: Add CONFIG_PCI_P2PDMA_CORE Later in the series, vfio-pci's mmap() is going to depend on pcim_p2pdma_provider() which depended on CONFIG_PCI_P2PDMA, which in turn depended on ZONE_DEVICE. That isn't available on 32-bit and some archs, because they lack MEMORY_HOTPLUG and friends. VFIO does _not_ require actual P2P to be present for basic mmap() functionality, only for the optional CONFIG_DMA_SHARED_BUFFER feature. These split out p2pdma_core.c under CONFIG_PCI_P2PDMA_CORE (which currently contains pcim_p2pdma_provider()), and an optional CONFIG_PCI_P2PDMA which depends on ZONE_DEVICE etc. providing P2P functionality in the existing p2pdma.c. The first splits out pool cleanup from the release path, and the second does the refactor/code move to the new file. vfio/pci: Add a helper to look up PFNs for DMABUFs vfio/pci: Add a helper to create a DMABUF for a BAR-map VMA The first adds a DMABUF VMA fault handler helper to determine arbitrary-sized PFNs from ranges in DMABUF. The second refactors DMABUF export for use by the existing export feature, and adds a helper that creates a DMABUF corresponding to a VFIO BAR mmap() request. vfio/pci: Convert BAR mmap() to use a DMABUF The vfio-pci core mmap() creates a DMABUF with the helper above, and the vm_ops fault handler uses the other helper to resolve the fault. Because this depends on DMABUF structs/code, CONFIG_VFIO_PCI_CORE needs to depend on CONFIG_DMA_SHARED_BUFFER. The CONFIG_VFIO_PCI_DMABUF still conditionally enables the export support code. NOTE: The user mmap()s a device fd, but the resulting VMA's vm_file becomes that of the DMABUF. The DMABUF takes ownership of the device file and put()s it on release, which maintains the existing behaviour of a VMA keeping the VFIO device open. BAR zapping then happens via the existing vfio_pci_dma_buf_move() path, which now needs to unmap PTEs in the DMABUF's address_space. vfio/pci: Provide a user-facing name for BAR mappings There was a request for decent debug naming in /proc/<pid>/maps etc. comparable to the existing VFIO names: since the VMAs are DMABUFs, they have a "dmabuf:" prefix and can't be 100% identical to before. This is a user-visible change, but this patch at least now gives us extra info on the BDF & BAR being mapped. vfio/pci: Clean up BAR zap and revocation In general (see NOTE!) the vfio_pci_zap_bars() is now obsolete, since it unmaps PTEs in the VFIO device address_space which is now unused. This consolidates all calls (e.g. around reset) with the neighbouring vfio_pci_dma_buf_move()s into new functions, to revoke/unrevoke (making the steps clearer). NOTE: Because drivers can use their own vm_ops and override .mmap, the core must conservatively assume an overridden .mmap might still add PTEs to the VFIO device address_space and therefore still does the zap. A new flag, zap_bars_on_revoke, enables the zap when .mmap is overridden. A driver that does not need the zap can clear this to opt-out, e.g. if the driver calls down to the common mmap (and so uses DMABUFs). hisi-acc-vfio-pci does just this, and thus sets the opt-out flag. vfio/pci: Support mmap() of a VFIO DMABUF Adds mmap() for a DMABUF fd exported from vfio-pci. It was a goal to keep the VFIO device fd lifetime behaviour unchanged with respect to the DMABUFs. An application can close all device fds, and this will revoke/clean up all DMABUFs; then, no mappings or other access can be performed. When enabling mmap() of the DMABUFs, this means access through the VMA is also revoked. This complicates the fault handler because whilst the DMABUF exists, it has no guarantee that the corresponding VFIO device is still alive. Adds synchronisation ensuring the vdev is available before vdev->memory_lock is touched; this holds the device registration so that even if the buffer has been cleaned up, vdev hasn't been freed and so the lock can be safely taken. vfio/pci: Permanently revoke a DMABUF on request This is mostly a rename of `revoked` to an enum, `status`, and adding a third state for a buffer: usable, revoked temporary, revoked permanent. A new VFIO feature is added, VFIO_DEVICE_FEATURE_DMA_BUF_REVOKE, which takes a DMABUF (exported from the same device) and permanently revokes it. Thus a userspace driver can guarantee any downstream consumers of a shared fd are prevented from accessing a BAR range, and that range can be reused. NOTE: This might block userspace, waiting on importers to detach. The code doing revocation in vfio_pci_dma_buf_move() is moved, to a common function for use by ..._move() and this new feature. NOTE: See changelog, by request v4 added a condition to the existing code to elide the unnecessary invalidation/sync on the un-revoke path.) NOTE: Previous versions contained an additional feature patch, "vfio/pci: Add mmap() attributes to DMABUF feature". This has been dropped in v5 because: - The mechanism simply set vma->vm_page_prot. This would be sufficient for arm64 and other architectures. - However, (locally-run claude-opus-4-8) Sashiko flagged that, on x86, additional memtype handling is required to set up the PAT. Without this, the memtype is returned back to UC- by pfnmap_setup_cachemode() upon PTE creation. Most other sources of userspace WC mappings create PTEs eagerly with e.g. io_remap_pfn_range() which memtype_reserve() WC for the range. Getting them with lazy-fault used by vfio-pci is more complicated (e.g. perhaps registering WC for BARs with PAT/MTRRs, and deciding how to deal with aliasing...). Since this feature is not critical for this series to be useful, I've decided for now to drop it in favour of a simpler series now and revisiting this separ*ately. Testing ======= (The [RFC ONLY] userspace test program, for QEMU edu-plus, can be found in the GitHub branch below. It at least illustrates how the export, map, revoke, and close semantics interoperate.) This code has been tested in mapping DMABUFs of single/multiple ranges from multiple BARs, aliasing mmap()s, aliasing ranges across DMABUFs, vm_pgoff > 0, revocation, shutdown/cleanup scenarios, and hugepage mappings. No regressions observed on the VFIO selftests, or on our internal vfio-pci applications. VFIO on i386 has been build-tested. Dear Reviewers, =============== I was grateful for the reviews and Reviewed-Bys on previous versions. Thanks; I've added some Reviewed-Bys/Acks. I have NOT included your tags where the patch has materially changed after your review (or where requested changes ended up more than super-trivial). I hope that's okay. End === This is based on v7.2-rc3. These commits are on GitHub for easier browsing, along with "[RFC ONLY] selftests: vfio: Add standalone vfio_dmabuf_mmap_test": https://github.com/metamev/linux/compare/v7.2-rc3...dev/mev/vfio-dmabuf-mma… Thanks for reading, Matt ================================================================================ Changelog: v5: - Rebased on 7.2-rc3 - Dropped the memattr/WC feature (see explanation above). - "vfio/pci: Convert BAR mmap() to use a DMABUF": Fixed a potentially-nasty bug (which (locally-run) Sashiko found!) whereby the unmap_mapping_range() performed in cleanup was passed a range up from offset zero for the DMABUF size. Initially this was how all DMABUFs were created and an appropriate zap, but a new version kept the VFIO region index encoded in the offset -- for BAR > 0 the unmap span would then mismatch. Instead, pass size 0 to mean an "all" range. Because the goal is to shoot down everything relating to one DMABUF and the address_space can only contain things relating to that DMABUF, this is equivalent and has the bonus of never failing to match mappings... Praan, Kevin, I kept your R-Bs on this fix. - The revoke patch converts vfio_pci_dma_buf_cleanup()'s priv->vdev = NULL to a WRITE_ONCE, corresponding to the revoke function's READ_ONCE (performed to test that the VFIO and DMABUF are related). - Clarified the VFIO_DEVICE_FEATURE_DMA_BUF_REVOKE UAPI comments, documenting previously-missing error cases and their reasons. v4: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260701171245.90111-1-matt@ozlabs.org/ v3: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260610154327.37758-1-matt@ozlabs.org/ v2: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260527102319.100128-1-mattev@meta.com/ v1: https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/20260416131815.2729131-1-mattev@meta.com/ RFCv2: https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/20260312184613.3710705-1-mattev@meta.com/ RFCv1: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260226202211.929005-1-mattev@meta.com/ Tech topic: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-iommu/20250918214425.2677057-1-amastro@fb.com/ Matt Evans (9): PCI/P2PDMA: Split pool-related cleanup out of pci_p2pdma_release() PCI/P2PDMA: Add CONFIG_PCI_P2PDMA_CORE vfio/pci: Add a helper to look up PFNs for DMABUFs vfio/pci: Add a helper to create a DMABUF for a BAR-map VMA vfio/pci: Convert BAR mmap() to use a DMABUF vfio/pci: Provide a user-facing name for BAR mappings vfio/pci: Clean up BAR zap and revocation vfio/pci: Support mmap() of a VFIO DMABUF vfio/pci: Permanently revoke a DMABUF on request MAINTAINERS | 2 +- drivers/pci/Kconfig | 5 + drivers/pci/Makefile | 1 + drivers/pci/p2pdma.c | 113 +--- drivers/pci/p2pdma.h | 29 + drivers/pci/p2pdma_core.c | 122 +++++ drivers/vfio/pci/Kconfig | 5 +- drivers/vfio/pci/Makefile | 3 +- .../vfio/pci/hisilicon/hisi_acc_vfio_pci.c | 8 + drivers/vfio/pci/vfio_pci_config.c | 30 +- drivers/vfio/pci/vfio_pci_core.c | 210 +++++-- drivers/vfio/pci/vfio_pci_dmabuf.c | 515 +++++++++++++++--- drivers/vfio/pci/vfio_pci_priv.h | 53 +- include/linux/pci-p2pdma.h | 24 +- include/linux/pci.h | 2 +- include/linux/vfio_pci_core.h | 1 + include/uapi/linux/vfio.h | 25 + 17 files changed, 875 insertions(+), 273 deletions(-) create mode 100644 drivers/pci/p2pdma.h create mode 100644 drivers/pci/p2pdma_core.c -- 2.50.1 (Apple Git-155)

14 hours, 7 minutes

PO-INV Document

by Sales Team – Pipex Inc

17 hours, 5 minutes

Re: [PATCH v4 09/14] nvme-pci: add SGL support for the dmabuf path

by Christoph Hellwig

On Wed, Jul 29, 2026 at 12:45:47PM +0100, Pavel Begunkov wrote: > It was exposed in early version as I was passing a [{dma,len}, ...] > array, but we moved from that. Maybe I should put the minimum > segment size in the map structure, and (possibly over) split using > that for now? Keith had this chunk in his patches: > > + int offset = offset_in_page(bio->bi_iter.bi_bvec_done); > + > + nsegs = ALIGN(bio->bi_iter.bi_size + offset, PAGE_SIZE) >> > + PAGE_SHIFT; > + if (bio->bi_iter.bi_size > max_bytes) { > + bytes = max_bytes; > + nsegs = (bytes + offset) >> PAGE_SHIFT; > + } else if (nsegs > lim->max_segments) { > + nsegs = lim->max_segments; > + bytes = PAGE_SIZE * nsegs - offset; > + } else { > + *segs = nsegs; > + return NULL; > + } This seems very pessimistic, especially for the case of the registration only having a single segment, which I'd expect to be fairly common due to P2P bar mappings, huge pages or IOMMU coalescing. So at very least we'd want to special case that, but in an idea world the caller would be required to provide a useful nr_segments for the I/O.

20 hours, 3 minutes

Re: [PATCH v4 09/14] nvme-pci: add SGL support for the dmabuf path

by Christoph Hellwig

On Wed, Jul 29, 2026 at 03:47:23PM +0530, Anuj Gupta/Anuj Gupta wrote: > > But I also don't understand what the use case for this function > > is to start with. struct sg_table tells us how many segments > > exist on the DMA side in the nents member, which should be just > > fine for the SGL threshold calculation. > > sg_table->nents covers the entire exported buffer (<=1GiB), while a > request only covers a subrange[bi_offset, bi_offset+payload). Using > nents would overcount the request's segments. Urgg, yes. > >> + if (!entries) > >> + return BLK_STS_IOERR; > >> + if (entries > NVME_MAX_SEGS) > >> + return BLK_STS_AGAIN; > > > > Given that the block layer enforced data in rw/command and the > > max_segments limit, why do we need the extra check here? > > A dmabuf bio reports nsegs=1 (bio_split_io_at) to the block layer, so > max_segments isn't enforced against the SG entries actually spanned by > the request. Hence the explicit check. We'll need to expose the actual nsegs to the block layer and split based on that. Otherwise I/O might work or fail based on the device capabilities.

20 hours, 28 minutes

Re: [PATCH v4 01/14] dma-buf: introduce initial file I/O infrastructure

by Christoph Hellwig

On Wed, Jul 29, 2026 at 11:37:19AM +0100, Pavel Begunkov wrote: > On 7/29/26 07:59, Christoph Hellwig wrote: >> The method name feels a bit convoluted, but given all the >> previous discussions I don't care too strongly. I'll leave >> the dma-buf side review to those who understand it. > > I assume you mean this: Yes. > > + int (*init_dma_buf_io_ctx)(struct file *, struct dma_buf_io_ctx *); > > I agree, and all dma_buf_io_[ctx,map] look clunky, but I don't > see what I can drop out of the name. Suggestions? Maybe I at least > should make the fs op sth like "register_dma_buf". I just remember scares from the last discussion :) register_dma_buf sounds fine to be, but unless I misremember there were objections to that before. > > -- > Pavel Begunkov ---end quoted text---

20 hours, 31 minutes

A Handy Collection of Browser Games for Quick Breaks

by tinoukomori-8558＠yopmail.com

Hello everyone, I wanted to share a website that I've been using recently whenever I have a few minutes to spare: Free Top Games. Web site: https://freetopgames.io/ What I like most is that everything runs directly in the browser, so there's nothing to install or update. The site includes a good mix of game genres such as puzzle, racing, shooting, sports, adventure, and casual games, making it easy to find something that fits your mood. A few things I appreciate: Fast loading games with no downloads required. Works on desktop, tablet, and mobile browsers. A wide variety of free titles that are updated regularly. Great for short gaming sessions during breaks. I'm always interested in discovering browser-based gaming sites with clean interfaces and interesting game collections. If anyone here has other recommendations for free web game platforms, I'd love to hear them. Thanks for reading!

23 hours, 2 minutes

How to Play and Enjoy Level Devil

by relative.rooster.miqd＠hidingmail.com

Some games are enjoyable because they are relaxing, while others are memorable because they constantly surprise you. Level Devil belongs to the second category. It is a compact platform game built around traps, unexpected changes, and trial-and-error learning. Each stage may look simple at first, but the level itself can shift in ways that challenge your expectations. The fun comes from discovering what each room is hiding and gradually improving through observation and practice. https://leveldevilfull.com Gameplay The main goal is straightforward: guide your character through the stage and reach the exit. You usually move left and right, jump over obstacles, and avoid hazards such as spikes, pits, or moving platforms. However, the game’s real challenge is that familiar rules may suddenly change. A platform might disappear, the screen could shift, or an apparently safe path may reveal a trap. These surprises are designed to make players react quickly, but rushing often leads to mistakes. Instead, each failed attempt provides useful information about the level. The controls are generally easy to understand, which makes the game accessible to beginners. The difficulty comes from timing, patience, and learning how the stage behaves. This makes every successful jump feel satisfying, especially after several attempts. Tips for Playing First, take your time when entering a new area. Look for unusual gaps, suspicious platforms, and objects that seem deliberately placed. The level may be testing whether you notice a visual clue. Second, treat failure as part of the experience. Losing does not necessarily mean you played badly; it often reveals something important about the stage. Remember what happened and adjust your next attempt. It also helps to use short, controlled movements. Holding a direction for too long can send your character into a hazard, while careful taps give you more control. When jumping, focus on both the takeoff and the landing. Some platforms require you to prepare for the next move immediately. Finally, avoid becoming frustrated. Take a short break if a section feels repetitive, then return with a fresh mind. Many difficult moments become easier once you stop trying to force them. Conclusion Level Devil is a good example of how simple controls can support creative and challenging gameplay. Its surprises, quick restarts, and unusual level design make it enjoyable for players who like experimentation. Whether you play for a few minutes or try to complete every stage, the best approach is to stay curious, observe carefully, and learn from each attempt.

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