Linaro-mm-sig June 2026

linaro-mm-sig@lists.linaro.org

86 participants
78 discussions

by Chong Criston

4 months

[PATCH v4 0/5] rust / dma_buf: Add abstractions for dma_fence

by Philipp Stanner

Changes since v3: - Add a FIXME for an encountered Rust compiler bug. (Gary) - Add new Rust files also to DRM drivers & common infrastructure MAINTAINERS file. (Danilo) - Reposition ECANCELED error code. (Miguel) - Replace refcounted FenceCtx in DriverFenceData with a reference plus life time. (Boris) - Re-add rcu_barrier() patch, since we now can use it for dropping the fence context. (Danilo) - Add forgotten R-b from Alice, and Acks for MAINTAINERS from Christian and Sumit. Changes since v2: - Don't drop DriverFenceData as a whole, but only the members we really want to drop. Gives more robustness. (Gary). - Break apart large pin_init_from_closure(). (Danilo, Onur) - Remove rcu_barrier() and synchronize_rcu() from FenceCtx::drop(). FenceCtx might drop in atomic context, where you must not perform those operations. With the current way C dma_fence is designed, the driver must wait for a grace period manually until it unloads. - Repair the DriverFenceBorrow implementation, properly injecting a life time into it. (Danilo) - Fix memory layout bug for rcu_head. (Onur) - Drop RCU patches, since this series doesn't need them anymore. Changes since v1: - Remove unnecessary mutable references (Alice) - Split up unsafe comments where possible (Danilo) - Remove PhantomData + implement FenceCtx ops trait (Boris) - Consistently call FenceCtx generic data `T`. FenceDataType is derived from that. (Boris) - Add abstractions for call_rcu() and synchronize_rcu() (Danilo) - Add ECANCELED error code in Rust (Alice) - Remove the rcu_barrier() from FenceCtx::drop() – because we now use call_rcu(), there can be no UAF access to the FenceCtx anymore. In any case, it is illegal to use either call_rcu() or synchronize_rcu() in FenceCtx::drop(), because our new drop_driver_fence_data() can run in atomic context and might put the last fence_ctx reference. So we now only have to guard against module unload, which it seems either the driver or Rust driver-core / module unload infrastructure must solve. - Minor formatting etc. changes - Add C helpers to MAINTAINERS. (Danilo) - Ensure that `Fence::is_signaled()` is fully synchronized, i.e., all callbacks really have run. See [1] and [2]. (Myself, Christian König) Changes since the RFCs: - Include support for ForeignOwnable for ARef, so that a Fence can be stuffed into an XArray et al. (Code by Danilo) - Implement ForeignOwnable (with new borrow type) for DriverFence, so that it can be stuffed into an XArray. - Include the rcu::RcuBox data type to defer dropping data with RCU (Cody by Alice) - Port DmaFence to RcuBox to make UAF bugs through later, new dma_fence callbacks (backend_ops) impossible. - Force users to pass their fence data in an RcuBox (or have it not need drop()) through a Sealed trait. - Document the rules for the user's DriverFence::data's drop implementation very clearly (deadlock danger). - rustfmt, Clippy. - Various style suggestions, safety comments, etc. (Önur) - Add __rust_helper prefix to helper functions. (Önur) Changes in RFC v3: - Omit JobQueue patches for now - Completely redesign the memory layout: Instead of a Fence refcounting a DriverFence, both now live in the same allocation to allow for future support the dma_fence backend_ops callbacks which need to do container_of. (mostly Boris's feedback) - Allow for pre-allocating fences to avoid deadlocks when submitting jobs to a GPU. (Boris) - Simultaneously, allow for pre-preparing fence callback objects, so the driver can allocate them when it sees fit. (code largely stolen and inspired by Daniel). - Signal fences on drop, ensure synchronization. - Force users to set an error code when signalling. - Write more documentation - A ton of minor other changes. [1] https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20260608142436.265820-2-phasta@kernel.org/ [2] https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20260612104251.2264707-2-phasta@kernel.or… Alright, so since the last RFCs did not reveal significant design issues, I decided to transition this series to a v1 and hope that we can get it upstream. This now includes code for more common infrastructure that dma_fence needs, contributed by Danilo and Alice. --- Old cover letter for RFC: So, this is the spiritual successor of the first / second RFC [1]. v2 also contained code for drm::JobQueue, but mostly to show how the fence code would be used. JobQueue is under heavy rework right now, so I don't want to bother your eyes with it. The docstring examples should show how Rust fences are supposed to be used, though. This v3 contains a huge amount of highly valuable feedback from a variety of people, notably Boris, but also from Alice, Gary and Danilo. There are some TODOs open (a better trait for fence backend_ops and RCU support), but my hope is that this effort is now finally approaching its end. I would greatly appreciate feedback and especially more information about what might be missing to make this usable, which is obviously where Daniel's and Boris's feedback will be valuable once more. Please regard this patch just as what it's titled: an RFC, to discuss a bit more and to inform a broader community about what the current state is and where this is heading at. Many regards, Philipp [1] https://lore.kernel.org/rust-for-linux/20260203081403.68733-2-phasta@kernel… Danilo Krummrich (1): rust: types: implement ForeignOwnable for ARef<T> Philipp Stanner (4): rust: error: Add ECANCELED error code rust: sync: Add abstraction for rcu_barrier() rust: Add dma_fence abstractions MAINTAINERS: Add entry for Rust dma-buf MAINTAINERS | 5 + rust/bindings/bindings_helper.h | 1 + rust/helpers/dma_fence.c | 48 ++ rust/helpers/helpers.c | 1 + rust/kernel/dma_buf/dma_fence.rs | 870 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ rust/kernel/dma_buf/mod.rs | 14 + rust/kernel/error.rs | 1 + rust/kernel/lib.rs | 1 + rust/kernel/sync/aref.rs | 39 ++ rust/kernel/sync/rcu.rs | 6 + 10 files changed, 986 insertions(+) create mode 100644 rust/helpers/dma_fence.c create mode 100644 rust/kernel/dma_buf/dma_fence.rs create mode 100644 rust/kernel/dma_buf/mod.rs base-commit: 848bf57e98e1678ce7a49eb4e0bf0502da95dc07 -- 2.54.0

4 months

[PATCH] drm/gem: modernize locks to use scoped_guard()

by Biren Pandya

Several GEM core functions manually managed mutex_lock() and mutex_unlock() over single scopes or error paths. This adds boilerplate and carries the risk of lock leaks if error paths are refactored. Modernize these locks by deploying the <linux/cleanup.h> scoped_guard() macro. This ensures that the locks are reliably dropped when the block exits, cleanly removing goto out_unlock paths and tightening the lifecycle. Signed-off-by: Biren Pandya <birenpandya(a)gmail.com> Compiled locally, but requires IGT validation by the DRM CI. --- drivers/gpu/drm/drm_gem.c | 66 ++++++++++++++++++--------------------- 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_gem.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_gem.c index 891c3bff5ae0..d3a061d42ba7 100644 --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_gem.c +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_gem.c @@ -346,13 +346,13 @@ void drm_gem_object_handle_put_unlocked(struct drm_gem_object *obj) * we checked for a name. */ - mutex_lock(&dev->object_name_lock); - if (--obj->handle_count == 0) { - drm_gem_object_handle_free(obj); - drm_gem_object_exported_dma_buf_free(obj); - final = true; + scoped_guard(mutex, &dev->object_name_lock) { + if (--obj->handle_count == 0) { + drm_gem_object_handle_free(obj); + drm_gem_object_exported_dma_buf_free(obj); + final = true; + } } - mutex_unlock(&dev->object_name_lock); if (final) drm_gem_object_put(obj); @@ -374,11 +374,8 @@ drm_gem_object_release_handle(int id, void *ptr, void *data) if (obj->funcs->close) obj->funcs->close(obj, file_priv); - mutex_lock(&file_priv->prime.lock); - - drm_prime_remove_buf_handle(&file_priv->prime, id); - - mutex_unlock(&file_priv->prime.lock); + scoped_guard(mutex, &file_priv->prime.lock) + drm_prime_remove_buf_handle(&file_priv->prime, id); drm_vma_node_revoke(&obj->vma_node, file_priv); @@ -1021,37 +1018,34 @@ int drm_gem_change_handle_ioctl(struct drm_device *dev, void *data, goto out; } - mutex_lock(&file_priv->prime.lock); + scoped_guard(mutex, &file_priv->prime.lock) { + spin_lock(&file_priv->table_lock); + ret = idr_alloc(&file_priv->object_idr, obj, handle, handle + 1, + GFP_NOWAIT); + spin_unlock(&file_priv->table_lock); - spin_lock(&file_priv->table_lock); - ret = idr_alloc(&file_priv->object_idr, obj, handle, handle + 1, - GFP_NOWAIT); - spin_unlock(&file_priv->table_lock); + if (ret < 0) + break; - if (ret < 0) - goto out_unlock; + if (obj->dma_buf) { + ret = drm_prime_add_buf_handle(&file_priv->prime, obj->dma_buf, + handle); + if (ret < 0) { + spin_lock(&file_priv->table_lock); + idr_remove(&file_priv->object_idr, handle); + spin_unlock(&file_priv->table_lock); + break; + } - if (obj->dma_buf) { - ret = drm_prime_add_buf_handle(&file_priv->prime, obj->dma_buf, - handle); - if (ret < 0) { - spin_lock(&file_priv->table_lock); - idr_remove(&file_priv->object_idr, handle); - spin_unlock(&file_priv->table_lock); - goto out_unlock; + drm_prime_remove_buf_handle(&file_priv->prime, args->handle); } - drm_prime_remove_buf_handle(&file_priv->prime, args->handle); - } - - ret = 0; - - spin_lock(&file_priv->table_lock); - idr_remove(&file_priv->object_idr, args->handle); - spin_unlock(&file_priv->table_lock); + ret = 0; -out_unlock: - mutex_unlock(&file_priv->prime.lock); + spin_lock(&file_priv->table_lock); + idr_remove(&file_priv->object_idr, args->handle); + spin_unlock(&file_priv->table_lock); + } out: drm_gem_object_put(obj); base-commit: 72c25183cac9bc584c9de21797a5883af44bcc7a -- 2.50.1 (Apple Git-155)

4 months

Sprunki Game – A Musical Adventure Where Each Player Can Create Their Own World

by cranephilip92＠gmail.com

Instead of following a linear storyline or mandatory tasks, sprunki game ( https://musicgames.io/sprunki-2 ) allows players to write their own journey through musical arrangements. Each drag-and-drop, each experiment with a new combination, produces unexpected results, keeping the experience fresh. Most appealing is the limitless power of imagination. Players can create cheerful melodies, deeply emotional tunes, or even mysterious sounds never before heard. This absolute freedom is what makes Sprunki one of the most creative and beloved games in the community today. The biggest difference between Sprunki Game and many other music games lies in its approach to users. Instead of requiring players to perform actions according to pre-set rhythms, Sprunki encourages them to actively create music in their own way. Each character in the game is like a living instrument, possessing a distinct sound and personality. When characters are combined, they form a complete composition with a unique and unreplicable sound. Players don't need professional musical knowledge to create interesting works with just a few simple steps. This is why Sprunki is loved by both music enthusiasts and those who simply want a relaxing form of entertainment. The game makes creativity more accessible than ever and allows everyone to experience the joy of creating a product with their own personal touch.

4 months

[PATCH] drm/amdkfd: Fix an error handling path in amdgpu_amdkfd_get_dmabuf_info()

by Christophe JAILLET

If the memory allocation fails, the reference on 'dma_buf' still needs to be released, as already done in the other error handling path. Fixes: f54ce9e8cbd3 ("drm/amdkfd: Let driver decide buffer size at AMDKFD_IOC_GET_DMABUF_INFO ioctl") Signed-off-by: Christophe JAILLET <christophe.jaillet(a)wanadoo.fr> --- Compile tested only --- drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_amdkfd.c | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_amdkfd.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_amdkfd.c index c693c508df1a..e1afdad07c43 100644 --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_amdkfd.c +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_amdkfd.c @@ -603,8 +603,10 @@ int amdgpu_amdkfd_get_dmabuf_info(struct amdgpu_device *adev, int dma_buf_fd, if (*metadata_size <= buffer_size) { *metadata_buffer = kzalloc(*metadata_size, GFP_KERNEL); - if (!*metadata_buffer) - return -ENOMEM; + if (!*metadata_buffer) { + r = -ENOMEM; + goto out_put; + } r = amdgpu_bo_get_metadata(bo, *metadata_buffer, *metadata_size, NULL, &metadata_flags); -- 2.54.0

4 months, 1 week

[PATCH 0/5] Replace the dmabuf custom test framework with kunit

by Jason Gunthorpe

Using kunit to write tests for new work on dmabuf is coming up: https://lore.kernel.org/all/26-v1-b5cab63049c0+191af-dmabuf_map_type_jgg@nv… Replace the custom test framework with kunit to avoid maintaining two concurrent test frameworks. The conversion minimizes code changes and uses simple pattern-oriented reworks to reduce the chance of breaking any tests. Aside from adding the kunit_test_suite() boilerplate, the conversion follows a number of patterns: Test failures without cleanup. For example: if (!ptr) return -ENOMEM; Becomes: KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, ptr); In kunit ASSERT longjumps out of the test. Check for error, fail and cleanup: if (err) { pr_err("msg\n"); goto cleanup; } Becomes: if (err) { KUNIT_FAIL(test, "msg"); goto cleanup; } Preserve the existing failure messages and cleanup code. Cases where the test returns err but prints no message: if (err) goto cleanup; Becomes: if (err) { KUNIT_FAIL(test, "msg"); goto cleanup; } Use KUNIT_FAIL to retain the 'cleanup on err' behavior. Overall, the conversion is straightforward. The result can be run with kunit.py: $ tools/testing/kunit/kunit.py run --build_dir build_kunit_x86_64 --arch x86_64 --kunitconfig ./drivers/dma-buf/.kunitconfig [20:37:23] Configuring KUnit Kernel ... [20:37:23] Building KUnit Kernel ... Populating config with: $ make ARCH=x86_64 O=build_kunit_x86_64 olddefconfig Building with: $ make all compile_commands.json scripts_gdb ARCH=x86_64 O=build_kunit_x86_64 --jobs=20 [20:37:29] Starting KUnit Kernel (1/1)... [20:37:29] ============================================================ Running tests with: $ qemu-system-x86_64 -nodefaults -m 1024 -kernel build_kunit_x86_64/arch/x86/boot/bzImage -append 'kunit.enable=1 console=ttyS0 kunit_shutdown=reboot' -no-reboot -nographic -accel kvm -accel hvf -accel tcg -serial stdio -bios qboot.rom [20:37:30] ================ dma-buf-resv (5 subtests) ================= [20:37:30] [PASSED] test_sanitycheck [20:37:30] ===================== test_signaling ====================== [20:37:30] [PASSED] kernel [20:37:30] [PASSED] write [20:37:30] [PASSED] read [20:37:30] [PASSED] bookkeep [20:37:30] ================= [PASSED] test_signaling ================== ... [20:37:35] Testing complete. Ran 50 tests: passed: 49, skipped: 1 [20:37:35] Elapsed time: 12.635s total, 0.001s configuring, 6.551s building, 6.017s running One test that requires two CPUs is skipped since the default VM has a single CPU and cannot run the test. All other usual ways to run kunit work as well, and all tests are placed in a module to provide more options for how they are run. AI was used to do the large scale semantic search and replaces described above, then everything was hand checked. AI also deduced the issue with test_race_signal_callback() in a couple of seconds from the kunit crash (!!), again was hand checked though I am not so familiar with this test to be fully certain this is the best answer. Jason Gunthorpe (5): dma-buf: Change st-dma-resv.c to use kunit dma-buf: Change st-dma-fence.c to use kunit dma-buf: Change st-dma-fence-unwrap.c to use kunit dma-buf: Change st-dma-fence-chain.c to use kunit dma-buf: Remove the old selftest drivers/dma-buf/.kunitconfig | 2 + drivers/dma-buf/Kconfig | 11 +- drivers/dma-buf/Makefile | 5 +- drivers/dma-buf/selftest.c | 167 --------------- drivers/dma-buf/selftest.h | 30 --- drivers/dma-buf/selftests.h | 16 -- drivers/dma-buf/st-dma-fence-chain.c | 217 +++++++++---------- drivers/dma-buf/st-dma-fence-unwrap.c | 290 +++++++++++--------------- drivers/dma-buf/st-dma-fence.c | 200 ++++++++---------- drivers/dma-buf/st-dma-resv.c | 145 +++++++------ drivers/gpu/drm/i915/Kconfig.debug | 2 +- 11 files changed, 394 insertions(+), 691 deletions(-) create mode 100644 drivers/dma-buf/.kunitconfig delete mode 100644 drivers/dma-buf/selftest.c delete mode 100644 drivers/dma-buf/selftest.h delete mode 100644 drivers/dma-buf/selftests.h base-commit: 41dae5ac5e157b0bb260f381eb3df2f4a4610205 -- 2.43.0

4 months, 1 week

[PATCH] base: Remove unused DMA_FENCE_TRACE Kconfig symbol

by Geert Uytterhoeven

Commit d72277b6c37db66b ("dma-buf: nuke DMA_FENCE_TRACE macros v2") in v5.16 removed all users of DMA_FENCE_TRACE on the premise that the Kconfig symbol did not exist. Apparently one failed to notice the symbol did exist since almost five years before: it was renamed from FENCE_TRACE to DMA_FENCE_TRACE in commit f54d1867005c3323 ("dma-buf: Rename struct fence to dma_fence") in v4.10. Time passed by, so remove the Kconfig symbol, as no one seems to have missed the functionality. Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert(a)linux-m68k.org> --- drivers/base/Kconfig | 9 --------- 1 file changed, 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/base/Kconfig b/drivers/base/Kconfig index f7d385cbd3ba4b2b..43f20ca95a2a6ba9 100644 --- a/drivers/base/Kconfig +++ b/drivers/base/Kconfig @@ -222,15 +222,6 @@ config DMA_SHARED_BUFFER APIs extension; the file's descriptor can then be passed on to other driver. -config DMA_FENCE_TRACE - bool "Enable verbose DMA_FENCE_TRACE messages" - depends on DMA_SHARED_BUFFER - help - Enable the DMA_FENCE_TRACE printks. This will add extra - spam to the console log, but will make it easier to diagnose - lockup related problems for dma-buffers shared across multiple - devices. - config GENERIC_ARCH_TOPOLOGY bool help -- 2.43.0

4 months, 1 week

[PATCH v3 0/4] rust / dma_buf: Add abstractions for dma_fence

by Philipp Stanner

Changes since v2: - Don't drop DriverFenceData as a whole, but only the members we really want to drop. Gives more robustness. (Gary). - Break apart large pin_init_from_closure(). (Danilo, Onur) - Remove rcu_barrier() and synchronize_rcu() from FenceCtx::drop(). FenceCtx might drop in atomic context, where you must not perform those operations. With the current way C dma_fence is designed, the driver must wait for a grace period manually until it unloads. - Repair the DriverFenceBorrow implementation, properly injecting a life time into it. (Danilo) - Fix memory layout bug for rcu_head. (Onur) - Drop RCU patches, since this series doesn't need them anymore. Changes since v1: - Remove unnecessary mutable references (Alice) - Split up unsafe comments where possible (Danilo) - Remove PhantomData + implement FenceCtx ops trait (Boris) - Consistently call FenceCtx generic data `T`. FenceDataType is derived from that. (Boris) - Add abstractions for call_rcu() and synchronize_rcu() (Danilo) - Add ECANCELED error code in Rust (Alice) - Remove the rcu_barrier() from FenceCtx::drop() – because we now use call_rcu(), there can be no UAF access to the FenceCtx anymore. In any case, it is illegal to use either call_rcu() or synchronize_rcu() in FenceCtx::drop(), because our new drop_driver_fence_data() can run in atomic context and might put the last fence_ctx reference. So we now only have to guard against module unload, which it seems either the driver or Rust driver-core / module unload infrastructure must solve. - Minor formatting etc. changes - Add C helpers to MAINTAINERS. (Danilo) - Ensure that `Fence::is_signaled()` is fully synchronized, i.e., all callbacks really have run. See [1] and [2]. (Myself, Christian König) Changes since the RFCs: - Include support for ForeignOwnable for ARef, so that a Fence can be stuffed into an XArray et al. (Code by Danilo) - Implement ForeignOwnable (with new borrow type) for DriverFence, so that it can be stuffed into an XArray. - Include the rcu::RcuBox data type to defer dropping data with RCU (Cody by Alice) - Port DmaFence to RcuBox to make UAF bugs through later, new dma_fence callbacks (backend_ops) impossible. - Force users to pass their fence data in an RcuBox (or have it not need drop()) through a Sealed trait. - Document the rules for the user's DriverFence::data's drop implementation very clearly (deadlock danger). - rustfmt, Clippy. - Various style suggestions, safety comments, etc. (Önur) - Add __rust_helper prefix to helper functions. (Önur) Changes in RFC v3: - Omit JobQueue patches for now - Completely redesign the memory layout: Instead of a Fence refcounting a DriverFence, both now live in the same allocation to allow for future support the dma_fence backend_ops callbacks which need to do container_of. (mostly Boris's feedback) - Allow for pre-allocating fences to avoid deadlocks when submitting jobs to a GPU. (Boris) - Simultaneously, allow for pre-preparing fence callback objects, so the driver can allocate them when it sees fit. (code largely stolen and inspired by Daniel). - Signal fences on drop, ensure synchronization. - Force users to set an error code when signalling. - Write more documentation - A ton of minor other changes. [1] https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20260608142436.265820-2-phasta@kernel.org/ [2] https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20260612104251.2264707-2-phasta@kernel.or… Alright, so since the last RFCs did not reveal significant design issues, I decided to transition this series to a v1 and hope that we can get it upstream. This now includes code for more common infrastructure that dma_fence needs, contributed by Danilo and Alice. --- Old cover letter for RFC: So, this is the spiritual successor of the first / second RFC [1]. v2 also contained code for drm::JobQueue, but mostly to show how the fence code would be used. JobQueue is under heavy rework right now, so I don't want to bother your eyes with it. The docstring examples should show how Rust fences are supposed to be used, though. This v3 contains a huge amount of highly valuable feedback from a variety of people, notably Boris, but also from Alice, Gary and Danilo. There are some TODOs open (a better trait for fence backend_ops and RCU support), but my hope is that this effort is now finally approaching its end. I would greatly appreciate feedback and especially more information about what might be missing to make this usable, which is obviously where Daniel's and Boris's feedback will be valuable once more. Please regard this patch just as what it's titled: an RFC, to discuss a bit more and to inform a broader community about what the current state is and where this is heading at. Many regards, Philipp [1] https://lore.kernel.org/rust-for-linux/20260203081403.68733-2-phasta@kernel… Danilo Krummrich (1): rust: types: implement ForeignOwnable for ARef<T> Philipp Stanner (3): rust: error: Add ECANCELED error code rust: Add dma_fence abstractions MAINTAINERS: Add entry for Rust dma-buf MAINTAINERS | 3 + rust/bindings/bindings_helper.h | 1 + rust/helpers/dma_fence.c | 48 ++ rust/helpers/helpers.c | 1 + rust/kernel/dma_buf/dma_fence.rs | 852 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ rust/kernel/dma_buf/mod.rs | 14 + rust/kernel/error.rs | 1 + rust/kernel/lib.rs | 1 + rust/kernel/sync/aref.rs | 39 ++ 9 files changed, 960 insertions(+) create mode 100644 rust/helpers/dma_fence.c create mode 100644 rust/kernel/dma_buf/dma_fence.rs create mode 100644 rust/kernel/dma_buf/mod.rs base-commit: 848bf57e98e1678ce7a49eb4e0bf0502da95dc07 -- 2.54.0

4 months, 1 week

Mental Health Tips Every College Student Should Follow

by smithjohns9696＠gmail.com

College life is often seen as an exciting phase filled with new experiences, independence, friendships, and opportunities. However, behind the social events and academic growth, many students also face stress, anxiety, loneliness, and pressure to perform well. Managing mental health during this time is just as important as achieving good grades, because emotional well-being directly impacts concentration, productivity, and overall success. Learning how to take care of your mental health can help students handle challenges more effectively and enjoy a more balanced college experience. Many students struggle to keep up with assignments, deadlines, and academic expectations, which can sometimes feel overwhelming. In such situations, academic support services like pay for someone to <a href="https://myassignmenthelp.com/ca/do-my-homework.html">do my homework online</a> from MyAssignmentHelp can help reduce academic pressure and allow students to focus on maintaining better mental and emotional well-being alongside their studies. Understanding Mental Health in College Life Mental health refers to a person’s emotional, psychological, and social well-being. In college, students go through major life transitions—moving away from home, adapting to new environments, managing finances, and handling academic responsibilities. All of these changes can affect mental stability. It is normal to feel stressed occasionally, but prolonged stress or emotional exhaustion should not be ignored. Recognizing early signs such as fatigue, loss of motivation, irritability, or difficulty concentrating is important for taking timely action. Maintain a Balanced Routine One of the most effective ways to support mental health is by maintaining a balanced daily routine. A structured lifestyle helps reduce chaos and creates a sense of stability. Students should try to: Follow a consistent sleep schedule Allocate time for study and relaxation Avoid last-minute cramming Include breaks between study sessions Set realistic daily goals A balanced routine helps prevent burnout and ensures that students do not feel overwhelmed by academic pressure. Prioritize Sleep and Rest Sleep plays a crucial role in mental health. Lack of sleep can increase stress levels, reduce concentration, and negatively impact memory. College students often sacrifice sleep to complete assignments or prepare for exams, but this habit can be harmful in the long run. Ideally, students should aim for 7–9 hours of quality sleep each night. Creating a bedtime routine, limiting screen time before sleep, and avoiding caffeine late in the day can significantly improve sleep quality. Stay Physically Active Physical activity is not just good for the body but also essential for mental well-being. Exercise releases endorphins, which are natural mood boosters. Students do not need intense workouts to benefit from physical activity. Simple habits like walking, cycling, yoga, or light stretching can make a big difference. Regular exercise helps: Reduce stress and anxiety Improve focus and concentration Boost energy levels Enhance overall mood Even 20–30 minutes of activity a day can have noticeable positive effects. Build Strong Social Connections Social support is one of the most important factors in maintaining good mental health. College is a great place to build friendships and connections that provide emotional support. Students should try to: Spend time with supportive friends Participate in group activities Join clubs or student organizations Talk openly about feelings when needed Having people to talk to can reduce feelings of loneliness and help students cope better with stress. Learn Stress Management Techniques Stress is unavoidable in college, but it can be managed effectively with the right techniques. Some helpful stress management strategies include: Deep breathing exercises Meditation and mindfulness practices Journaling thoughts and emotions Listening to calming music Taking short breaks during study sessions These techniques help calm the mind and improve emotional balance. Avoid Overloading Yourself Many students try to take on too many responsibilities at once—academics, part-time jobs, extracurricular activities, and social commitments. While involvement is important, overloading can lead to burnout. Learning to say no when necessary is a healthy habit. Students should prioritize tasks based on importance and avoid unnecessary pressure. It is better to do a few things well than to do everything poorly due to exhaustion. Seek Help When Needed One of the most important aspects of mental health is recognizing when help is needed. Unfortunately, many students hesitate to seek support due to stigma or fear of judgment. However, asking for help is a sign of strength, not weakness. Support can come from: Friends and family College counselors Mentors or professors Mental health professionals Talking about problems can provide relief and open up solutions that may not be visible when dealing with stress alone. Limit Social Media Usage While social media helps students stay connected, excessive use can negatively affect mental health. Constant comparison with others, exposure to unrealistic lifestyles, and online pressure can increase anxiety and reduce self-esteem. Students should: Set time limits for social media use Avoid comparing themselves to others Take digital detox breaks Focus on real-life interactions Reducing screen time can improve focus, productivity, and emotional well-being. Practice Self-Care Regularly Self-care is essential for maintaining mental balance. It involves taking time to do activities that bring relaxation and happiness. Self-care can include: Reading a book Watching a favorite show Spending time in nature Pursuing hobbies Taking rest without guilt Prioritizing self-care helps recharge the mind and improves resilience against stress. Develop a Positive Mindset A positive mindset plays a major role in mental health. College life comes with challenges, and setbacks are a normal part of the journey. Instead of focusing on failures, students should: Learn from mistakes Celebrate small achievements Stay hopeful during difficult times Practice gratitude Positive thinking helps build confidence and reduces emotional distress. Maintain Academic Balance Academic pressure is one of the biggest sources of stress for college students. Managing coursework effectively can significantly improve mental health. Students should break tasks into smaller steps, avoid procrastination, and seek academic support when necessary. Staying organized can reduce last-minute stress and improve overall performance. Conclusion Mental health is a vital part of a successful and fulfilling college experience. Students who take care of their emotional well-being are more likely to perform better academically, build stronger relationships, and enjoy their college journey. By maintaining a balanced routine, staying physically active, managing stress, and seeking support when needed, students can create a healthier and more positive lifestyle. Remember, college is not just about academic achievement—it is also about growing as a person, and mental well-being

4 months, 1 week

[PATCH net-next v2 0/4] net: devmem: allow rx-buf-size > PAGE_SIZE per binding

by Bobby Eshleman

Every devmem dmabuf binding hands the page_pool PAGE_SIZE niovs today. On NICs that consume one descriptor per netmem, this caps a single RX descriptor at PAGE_SIZE and burns CPU on buffer churn. In this series, we add a bind-time netlink attribute, NETDEV_A_DMABUF_RX_BUF_SIZE, that lets userspace request a larger niov size (power of two >= PAGE_SIZE). Drivers must opt in via queue_mgmt_ops.QCFG_RX_PAGE_SIZE. Selftests use udmabuf, but udmabuf sgtables were previously hardcoded to PAGE_SIZE. This series modifies udmabuf to respect folio sizes in its exported sgtable. The result is that when backing udmabuf with MFD_HUGETLB 2MB pages, the sgtable is populated with 2MB entries, allowing devmem's gen_pool to carve out large (eg. 64K) niovs. Measurements ------------ Setup: kperf devmem RX/TX cuda, 4 flows, 64 MB messages, 60s, dctcp, num-rx-queues=4, dmabuf-rx/tx-size-mb=2048, 10 runs per niov size, mlx5. niov RX dev Gbps RX flow avg Gbps app sys % ----- ---------------- ----------------- ---------------- 4K 300.63 +/- 53.21 75.16 +/- 13.30 54.15 +/- 10.23 16K 321.35 +/- 28.20 80.34 +/- 7.05 41.05 +/- 8.87 32K 347.63 +/- 2.20 86.91 +/- 0.55 44.54 +/- 3.51 64K 332.11 +/- 14.26 83.03 +/- 3.56 35.47 +/- 3.11 RX app sys % drops ~19% from 4K to 64K. kperf support (not yet merged): https://github.com/facebookexperimental/kperf/commit/8837577f920876bce6986e… Signed-off-by: Bobby Eshleman <bobbyeshleman(a)meta.com> --- Changes in v2: - Use NL_SET_ERR_MSG_FMT for sg alignment failure details (Stan) - Keep -E2BIG (not a direct ask, but seemed preferred, Stan) - Update udmabuf commit message and comments explaining why "one sg ent per folio" is useful (Christian) - Set/restore nr_hugepages in py harness (Stan) - Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260603-tcpdm-large-niovs-v1-0-f37a4ac6726c@meta… --- Bobby Eshleman (4): net: devmem: allow rx-buf-size > PAGE_SIZE per dmabuf binding udmabuf: emit one sg entry per pinned folio selftests/net: ncdevmem: add -b option to set rx-buf-size on bind selftests/net: devmem.py: add check_rx_large_niov Documentation/netlink/specs/netdev.yaml | 8 +++ drivers/dma-buf/udmabuf.c | 52 +++++++++++++++++-- include/uapi/linux/netdev.h | 1 + net/core/devmem.c | 51 +++++++++++-------- net/core/devmem.h | 13 +++-- net/core/netdev-genl-gen.c | 5 +- net/core/netdev-genl.c | 19 ++++++- tools/include/uapi/linux/netdev.h | 1 + tools/testing/selftests/drivers/net/hw/config | 1 + tools/testing/selftests/drivers/net/hw/devmem.py | 12 ++++- .../testing/selftests/drivers/net/hw/devmem_lib.py | 58 +++++++++++++++++++++- tools/testing/selftests/drivers/net/hw/ncdevmem.c | 49 ++++++++++++++++-- .../testing/selftests/drivers/net/hw/nk_devmem.py | 11 +++- 13 files changed, 238 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) --- base-commit: 518d8d0199538a4d6d5e51064044ece71e0c42e7 change-id: 20260602-tcpdm-large-niovs-56523a3a1077 Best regards, -- Bobby Eshleman <bobbyeshleman(a)meta.com>

4 months, 1 week

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Linaro-mm-sig June 2026